Diffusion of innovation theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dissemination of advancement hypothesis - Essay Example Intricacy indicates the degree to which the use and understanding the straightforwardness of a development seem troublesome. Young people are getting basic mechanical and social abilities that they have to contribute completely to contemporary society (Clark, 2011). Raising obstructions to correspondence denies the young people of access to these types of learning. Young people could profit by teachers being progressively open to types of experimentation and social investigation that are not normal for instructive organizations. The substance, method of relating and abilities that young people esteem are profoundly factor reliant on what kind of social gatherings they partner with (Boyd, 2007). This assorted variety in types of writing implies that it is tricky to build up a normalized set of benchmarks to gauge new degrees of media and specialized education. Both Guttenberg and Martin Luther confronted extraordinary restriction from the strict specialists of the time and made the striking move to utilize large scale manufacturing as a viable device for proselytizing. Through the intensity of the press, strict pioneers like Martin Luther figured out how to get the message out in the midst of across the board restriction and judgment from the standard church (Crosby, 2012). Using the press, Martin Luther had the option to lead the Reformation and proselytize the majority. The Reformation was a period of emotional strict dispute during which different church bunches split away from the overwhelming Catholic Church.

Aerospace Engineers :: essays research papers

Aeronautics designers look at, investigate, structure, produce, and periodically introduce segments that make up airplane, shuttle, high-height vehicles, and high-elevation conveyance frameworks (rockets). Fulfillment with the sentimental picture of rocket building can float numerous designers through the profoundly unknown workplaces that a significant number of them face. People don't amass rockets; groups do, many groups working in profoundly managed coordination. An aviation design specialist has some influence on one of the groups, investing a greater amount of her energy (about 70 percent) in a lab, at a PC, and amassing reports than doing whatever else. Not having the option to see the "big picture" baffles a few experts. The way to turning into an aeronautics designer is a thorough one, yet the individuals who figure out how to endure the troublesome lift-off rise with a better than expected level of profession fulfillment. Scholastic necessities are severe and wide-extending: Physics, science, software engineering, arithmetic, materials science, insights and designing courses give the base to any hopeful scientific genius. A few universities offer a degree in aviation design; others offer a progressively summed up science qualification with some coursework in aeronautic design. These courses may incorporate aviation direction frameworks, extraordinary height material science, and the material science of high-elevation radiation. Temporary jobs, summer employments, and any involvement with the field are useful, as section into this industry is profoundly serious. Numerous wannabes may need to migrate to California, Washington State, or Texas, where most of guard industry aviation work is done, to work for organizations, for example, NASA, Boeing and Lockheed Martin.Two years into their activity an aeronautics designer can be anticipating being Junior individuals from look into staff are overwhelmed with work, both in the lab and in workplaces, crunching information and arranging research. Increasingly like "lab assistants," their initial years are set apart by generally modest errands (testing of hardware, following outcomes) with little contribution to the testing or proposal process. Normal hours and pay portray these conditions, however training proceeds apace. Barely any individuals leave the calling during these years; the hours previously gave in school make it simpler to endure these couple of additional working environment insults. Furthermore, in around five years one will be driving exploration groups and transform into individuals supervisors just as venture directors. This is an unexpected unforeseen development for a few, as it expels them from the difficult, mentally thin condition they appreciate and puts them in a progressively regulatory job. Most critical plan and creation work is done in these years.

The Stress That Children Add to a Marriage

The Stress That Children Add to a Marriage Stress Management Relationship Stress Print The Stress That Children Add to a Marriage By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 24, 2019 Alistair Berg/Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Its a common experience, but not one that everyone talks about: you had a wonderfully romantic relationship before getting married and you have a wonderfully romantic relationship after getting married. Then you add kids to the mix and everythings a little more stressful, less romantic, and less satisfying in your marriage. This experience is so common that its practically universal, yet its not commonly discussed when people talk about having children. In fact, many couples expect that adding children to the mix will bring them closer together, and that may happen in some ways, but often not in the ways that a couple may expect. Heres what the research has found. The Stress of Children While we dont want this to be true, a large proportion of people find that children create a significant amount of stress to their relationship, particularly when the kids are young. According to researcher Matthew Johnson of Binghamton University in his book, Great Myths of Intimate Relationships: Dating, Sex, and Marriage, research shows that this is commonplace and that there is also a decrease in relationship satisfaction following the birth of the first child.?? This dip in happiness doesnt go away until after children leave the nest, and by that time, many couples have divorced or drifted apart. Here are some more specifics: Children add stress to a marriage and that marital satisfaction decreases sharply when kids become part of the relationship.?? Interestingly, this also happens to unmarried couples, so marriage itself is not the culprit in relationships that go stale.Children create stress for parents as individuals, as well as the couple as a unit. Perhaps not surprisingly, mothers take on the lions share of childcare in most relationships. Also not surprisingly, this stress hits mothers in particular pretty hard.?? Most womens other relationships deteriorate to a degree as their bond with their children grows stronger.The stress of children is universal.?? Its not isolated to certain social classes or even to specific countries or regions of the world. Factors That Create Stress There are many factors that go into this dip in satisfaction, and they are not the same for everyone. However, certain stressors hit many parents are particularly taxing on a relationship and an individual. The following stressors are particularly challenging. Less time together: When couples have a child, they are often surprised by the amount of work it takes to raise a baby, and the toddler years are labor-intensive as well. Because of the intensive caretaking required and the fact that any alone time that occurs during the babys waking hours requires the use of a sitter, couples naturally find themselves with less time to spend together, and usually less energy to devote to one another when they do find the time.?? This can obviously take a toll on the connection they feel as theyre less free to spontaneously have fun, or enjoy leisurely days together, even on the weekends. Less time for oneself: When parents have too little sleep and too little time to take care of their own needs (as often happens with a new baby or a high-needs toddler), they can become more stressed and difficult to be around.?? When one or both partners are not functioning at their best, particularly if this lasts for q prolonged amount of time, it can take a toll on the relationship. Greater demands placed on the partnership: When a child enters the relationship, couples need to divide up responsibilities in caretaking,?? even if both agree that the bulk of the work should fall on the shoulders of one parent while the other focuses more on earning money. This can lead to a feeling that the couple is more of a functional partnership than a romantic partnership as couples begin to feel a little more like roommates than soulmates. Because of these additional demands and the negotiation thats needed, theres a greater chance of conflict. Different responsibilities and different expectations: Additionally, when partners have different responsibilities, its possible for one or the other to feel resentful if they feel theyre working harder; without a frame of reference for what the other partner is dealing with, its easier for new parents to feel that they should be handling things differently and feel frustrated as a result.?? Not everyone experiences the following challenges, but they can put a particular strain on a family. These are special circumstances that create significant additional stress:A high-needs temperamentHealth challenges, including physical and mental health issuesExtreme financial strainA lack of practical support The Good News The good news is that, although some studies show that marital satisfaction doesnt rise significantly until children leave the nest,?? having children is worth the effort in other ways. Children enhance our altruism: Other research shows that giving to others and expressing altruism is beneficial for our overall wellbeing,?? and having children certainly provides opportunities to give of ourselves. Children reduce the likelihood of divorce: While new parents may feel less happy, they are also less likely to divorce following children.?? This may be because they are more motivated to keep their partnership together for the sake of their children, but the increased commitment can help them weather the challenges they face and maintain their connection until happier times return. Parents themselves say its worth it: While these challenges can be difficult for a couple to face, virtually all parents say the sacrifices they make are worth it and they couldnt (or wouldnt want to) imagine their lives without their kids. They say their children bring their life meaning. This can bring significant benefits as research shows that those who have  meaning  in their lives tend to be happier.?? What You Can Do to Manage the Stress If youre feeling stressed or that there is some strain on your relationship, youre not alone and youre not necessarily doing something wrong. There are many things you can and should do to safeguard your own happiness and your connection to your partner. Managing the stress you face as parents can help you to preserve the happiness youve had, and to build more positive feelings and experiences from here on. You dont need to wait until your children leave home in order to raise your feelings of marital happiness; the following suggestions can help significantly. Find Social Support Your partner isnt the only one who can help you to increase your relationship bliss. Family members, friends, and even people you hire can help you to stress less and enjoy your time together more. Here are some ideas to keep things happier. Nurture your relationship with your partnerCreate a supportive circle of people who can help you, if possibleCreate an emotional support systemFind ways to minimize social stress: competitive moms, unsolicited advice, your own tendency for social comparisonEliminate toxic situations whenever possible Practice Extreme Self Care It is important for you to take care of yourself and your own needs, and not just those of your children. What may feel like extreme self-care might simply be considered a normal amount of self-care to someone without children depending on them for care as well. Whatever you call it, its important to keep your body in good shape so you have the physical and emotional stamina to do what needs to be done. Get enough sleepEat balanced mealsFind some time for yourself whenever possibleâ€"set aside time to do nothing if you can, but even running errands alone can help Focus on Maintaining Balance There is a lot of talk about balance, but that is because it is so important for stress management. That means maintaining a balance in all areas: balancing work with play, balancing meeting your needs with your kids needs and your partners needs, balancing time spent  away from home and time spent with family, and other balances. Here are some important forms of balance to focus on. Create a balance of kids’ activities, your activities, downtime and sleep timeDo enough fun things to create memories, but not so many that you feel overwhelmedâ€"be honest with yourself about where you standEliminate tolerations when possible, find help when possible, and be present when possible Focus on Finding the Right Frame of Mind The way you look at things can greatly affect your relationship and your overall happiness. In this case, there are many ways that you can focus on maintaining the right frame of mind. Any of the following can raise your level of relationship satisfaction. Enjoy every minute (when times are good)Remember that this will pass (when times are challenging)Savor the positive experiencesFocus on gratitudeFocus on what you are learning from your kids and all the ways in which they enrich your lifeKnow that a decrease in marital satisfaction is normalâ€"and not your or your mate’s faultâ€"but that there are many things you can do to increase satisfaction as wellMaintain a regular date nightFind the humor in the challengesBe patient with yourself, your partner and your kidsHave fun as a familyMaintain friendships with other families and stay close with your family (if these relationships are healthy) It is also important to get help if you need it. This help may take the form of a marriage counselor, an individual therapist, or even just a babysitter who can help take some of the pressure off and allow you to be your old selves again. A Word From Verywell Be sure to enjoy all of the things you were looking forward to when you were looking forward to children, and remind yourself that there may be sacrifices, but its worth the effort. Savoring your good times with your partner and children is the best way to be sure the challenges and stresses dont weigh down your relationship. In the end, your relationship and your life are what you make of them.

The History and Culture of Black Jews in America Essay

According to the broadest definition, there are approximately 9 million Jewish adults in America. Of those, 5.3 million are Jewish because they practice the Jewish religion or who have a Jewish parent and consider themselves Jewish. Non-hispanic blacks make up 2% of that population. (A Portrait of Jewish Americans) Blacks constitute such a small percentage of the Jewish population that they are often considered to be obviously â€Å"not Jewish†. This was the experience of Rabbi Shlomo ben Levy.In an article entitled, â€Å"Who are we? Where did we come from? How many of us are there?†, Rabbi Levy describes his feelings of marginalization triggered by an advertisement for Levy’s Jewish Rye. The advertisement features a black boy eating a sandwich and†¦show more content†¦(Kaye/Kantrowitz 1) Meanwhile, it is not uncommon for black Jews, who usually prefer to be called Hebrews or Israelites, to describe white Jews as the products of conversion or intermarri age and that Judaism is the true religion of their African ancestors. (Parfitt 84-88) This dynamic shapes the mutual mistrust that exists between black Jews in America and the overwhelmingly Ashkenazi majority. The problem of marginalization began with the waves of Jewish immigrants from Europe who fled the Russion pogroms and later the Nazis. In their homelands, these people were Jewish, but in America they had the opportunity to be white. In cementing their status as white, these Amnerican Jews further alienated the small minority of Jews of African descent and others who do not fit nicely into the white race group. Despite this, the black Jews of America share a diverse cultural history that is both African and Jewish. The Commandment Keepers, are one of the largest and best known black Jewish congregations in America. (Chireau 25) Their founder, Wentworth Arthur Matthew, is regarded as the first black American rabbi. Matthew’s background is not well documented. From his own accounts he was born in the West Indies in 1892, the grandson of an Ethiopian Jew, and studied at a number of prestigious institutions. The congregation he founded remains active and has been an Orthodox Jewish congregation since it’s founding in 1919. (Biography ofShow MoreRelatedCivil Rights During The 20th Century989 Words   |  4 Pages Today, we stand at a precipice threatening a definitive split between Blacks and Jews, and Jews of Color and Jews. The recent platform of Black Lives Matters denounces Israel as an apartheid state. A respect for the history of Black political thought demands we not forget Israel and Jews (of all races) remain a vulnerable minority. Jews and Black Americans are most often linked together during the 20th century Civil Rights movement. These communities were victims of institutionalized discriminationRead MoreReligious Transformations Of The United States1275 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the history of religion in the United States. Pluralism is by definition, the coexistence of multiple, groups, religions, cultures, etc. One example of Pluralism that sticks out is the history of colonial Protestantism. As discussed in class, Protestantism stemmed from desire to reform the Roman Catholic Church. The actions of three figures, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII led to the pluralism of Protestantism in the US Colonies. As colonists arrived to North America in the 16thRead MoreRacial Identity And Ethnic Identity863 Words   |  4 Pagestied to my everyday experiences as an African American. I identify as African American or black because it’s my culture. I born by two black parents and grew up in a black household. Although I was often told by my parents that I’m black, I would say that the term â€Å"Black† was given to me before I even entered the world. The term â€Å"Black† was given to Africans by Europeans when they took us as slaves to the Americas. Ever since then, the one drop rule applied to anyone with African heritage in the UnitedRead MoreAmerican Imperialism : America s Quest For Dominance1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe start of a country we know today as America was started with a few different ideologies. One of them is a new start away from Britain and the other was the continued encroachment against the native population. It started off with the need of survival and it continued until the destruction of an entire people and culture was nearly complete. Soon, after the civil war Americans began pushing west in the name of â€Å"manifest destiny, the belief that the United States had a ‘God-given’ right to aggressivelyRead MoreRacism Is The Product Of Ignorance And Fear1334 Words   |  6 Pagesthe video nothing is accomplished to remove these stereotypes. Chappelle plays Clayton Bigsby, the â€Å"black white supremacist†, in the sketch Frontline. Bigsby bluntly characterizes African Americans as â€Å"lazy good f or nothing†, â€Å"wide nose breathers† and accuses them of eating all the chicken. These stereotypes are prevalent in today’s culture. When one thinks of racism, one may atomically assume black and white but according to the National Coalition for Health Professionals Education in Genetics inRead MoreThe First Explanation Of The Theory Of Education1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe first explanation is the theory of education. That Jews do well for the same reason as non-Jews, higher levels of education, but because Jews as a whole put greater emphasis on its importance throughout history do you see the disproportionate success. It has been proven that the higher the education, the higher the chances of a greater income. For example, in the United States the median income of a high-school graduate is $38,563 while the median income of someone with a master’s degree is $92Read MoreReligious and Ethnic Groups Paper1668 Words   |  7 PagesReligious and Ethnic Groups | June 5 2013 | Religious Group: Buddhism Racial/Ethnic Group: Black (African Descent). | | America has many religions, races, ethnicities, and languages from all over the world. Prejudice and discrimination has been around for years, and it still is to this day. This is something that will probably never go away as everyone has their own ideals, and beliefs. Buddhism and Blacks have endured prejudice and discrimination of their own for many years. Buddhism is a pathRead MoreThe Evolution Of Judaism. Over Thousands Of Years, The1509 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of Judaism Over thousands of years, the religion of Judaism has evolved. With years of suffering, persecution, and dispersion the Jews’ religion stays constant. When researching the religion, the history is extremely strong, and the doctrine of the religion dates back thousands of years. With such a vast history, one might want to examine the change into modern society. â€Å"It has been estimated that one-third of our western civilization bears the marks of its Jewish ancestry.†- HudsonRead MoreThe Black Death s Effects On Europe1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death’s Effects on Europe Cole Younger WH2 11-20-15 Rough Draft The disastrous plague called the Black Death had monumental, long lasting effects that would ultimately change the fate of the entire continent of Europe. The mid-1300s in Europe were part of the Dark Ages. Human populations were near over-crowding, and the land was stretched to produce food. Mother Nature created a drastic solution. The world lifted a bleak shadow of death and chaos over the people ofRead MoreAfrican Migrations Up to the 19th Century1283 Words   |  6 PagesOld World and followed by Eurasia and the Americas. These migrations, or Diasporas, began with religious voyages and cultural exchanges and evolved to the slave trade and the deportation of black men, women and children to new colonies as workers and servants. Long before the Atlantic slave trade grew, merchants from Greece and the Roman Empire traveled to the East African coast. Patrick Manning points out in, African Diaspora: A History Through Culture, that migrants came from southern Arabia to

Blood Typing - 1457 Words

EXPERIMENT 3 BLOOD TYPÄ °NG ABSTRACT The purpose of this lab is to determine the blood type of two samples. The objectives of the blood typing lab were to learn about antigens and the consequences of incompatibility, blood typing, and to illustrate antigen-antibody complexes and agglutination. INTRODUCTION Red blood cells have glycoproteins on their surface which act like flags to identify the cells. The glycoproteins are coded for by the blood type genes A, B, and O. Unlike Complete Dominance where one gene totally masks another (i.E. vs. t), the blood type genes, A and B, are Co-dominant or equally dominant. Therefore, an individual with the genotype AB will possess both A-type glycoproteins and B-type glycoproteins on their†¦show more content†¦If a potential donor is found to have anti-D antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank, they would not be accepted as a donor (or in some blood banks the blood would be drawn but the product would need to be appropriately labeled); therefore, donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be selected to be free of D antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies, and such donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be D positive or D negative, a s long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible MATERIAL-METHOD For the blood test, lancet, microscope slide, anti-A serum, anti-B serum, anti-Rh serum were used. First, the finger punctured with the lancet. Then one drop of blood was touched in the left of the slide, in the middle of slide, and in the right of slide. Only three drops of blood was used. Afterward, one drop of anti-A serum dripped onto the left of the slide, one drop of anti-B serum dripped onto the middle of the slide, anti-Rh serum onto the right of the slide. If the antigen is present, the erythrocytes will agglutinate but if it is not present, the solution remains cloudy. We applied this test in our friend that is Venus. Her blood type is AB Rh+. And we saw the agglutinate in left, middle and right of the slide. ThatShow MoreRelatedBlood Typing And The Blood Of The Donor Blood1424 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: Blood typing is one of the tests that will determine a person’s blood type. Although, all blood is made of the same basic elements but they are not same by their blood typing. In fact, there are eight different common blood types. Based on certain substances of antigen presence or absence and Rh factors we will able to identify the person blood types. Those substances can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Blood typing is important when you need a blood transfusionRead MoreEssay on Bone Marrow Transplants1155 Words   |  5 Pagesremoving damaged parts of the body and replacing them with healthy organs to cure the patient with a disease. World War II brought research in tissue transplantation to the forefront: skin grafts for burn victims, blood transfusions required careful AOB blood typing and monitoring of blood group antibodies; and high doses of radiation lead to bone marrow failure and death. Massive radiation exposures provided an opportunity for advancement therapies for bone marrow failure syndrome and leukemia. TheRead MoreEssay about Case Study 28 Days652 Words   |  3 Pages28 days What is the molecule responsible for oxygen transport by blood? Hemoglobin is the molecule that is responsible for oxygen transport by blood. What is blood pressure a measure of? Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood that is against the arterial walls. The innermost aspect of the digestive tract is lined with what tissue type? The innermost aspect of the digestive tract is lined with epithelial tissue. As we age, what happens to the digestive tract? As peopleRead MoreUse Of Test Tubes And Their Purpose1018 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone collecting some blood specimen, you see them with these colored top test tubes. Each test tube has different functions and purpose why they have colored tops. According to McCall, Tankersley, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins (2008), many hospitals and clinics normally use the following test tubes: Lavender Topped Tubes contain an EDTA as the anticoagulant for whole blood sample which prevents clotting of the blood. They are important to fill the correct EDTA and blood ratio where it must beRead MoreMuscle System, Cardiovacular and Respitatory System, Paragraphs913 Words   |  4 Pageswould start burst and not function anymore, which will make his body start to shut down. Specifically, red blood cells are found in a very aqueous solution where this distilled water is inserted into the body directly and would be the first to suffer. Since the cells have more solutes inside, the water would rush inside of the red blood cells, rupturing them until there weren’t enough red blood cells left to carry oxygen to the muscles. This could cause several different problems such as stroke, kidneyRead MoreBlood Is Our Body s Transportation System Of Nutrients And Can Be A Gift For Saving Your Life1713 Words   |  7 Pagesof giving blood. Blood is an amazing fluid that feeds, tak es away the waste and carries oxygen to all cells in our body (Holt, Rinehart, and Winston 182). So, why give blood and what do I need to do to contribute. Blood donations are used in various ways, such as transfusions, research, medical emergencies or trauma. Blood drives take place day in and day out to help supply the constant need of blood. Knowing some facts and the use of blood, may change my mind on why I should give. Blood is our body’sRead MoreWays Your Career Is Killing You877 Words   |  4 Pagesany pain or discomfort, your body could be at risk for developing a number of ailments and unwanted health conditions like the following: Varicose veins caused by sitting or standing for long periods Obesity caused by lack of movement Blood clots due to poor blood circulation Chronic joint pain due to inflammation and/or overuse Back pain caused by poor posture due to job requirements Top 10 Careers Causing Venous Disease When your career requires you to stand on your feet all day long or to sitRead More Ergonomics Essay example1097 Words   |  5 Pagesswivels easily. Do you need armrests on your chair? If so, are the armrests broad, cushioned and comfortable? While sitting can you adjust the height of the armrests and can you move the armrests closer together or further apart? Keyboard in the ideal typing posture both static and dynamic muscle loads are minimized. This posture is achieved when the keyboard is below seated elbow height and the keyboard base is gently sloped away from the user so that the key tops are accessible to the hands in a neutralRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Distinctive Bloodstain Patterns Essay2039 Words   |  9 Pagesdistinctive bloodstain patterns are used to provide investigative information about the type of activity at the scene. More so, the composition of materials in a given surface provides the foundation of blood pattern interpretation. 2. If a blood stain is perfectly round, then it implies that the blood stroked a horizontal surface at an angle of 90 degrees. 3. The bloodstain angle is used to indicate the flight path as well as the distance from the impact surface. 4. The point of origin is used toRead MoreCase Study: Crime Investigation of a Death in Las Vegas Essay2240 Words   |  9 Pagesbetween suicide and homicide. Blood analysis can be performed for various reasons. This is including obtaining DNA from blood, blood group typing and chemical analysis. Chemical analysis is important in this case since drug overdose is suspected. Drugs in blood are detectable from minutes to hours depending on the drug, and blood is most reliable sample for interpretation of drug use. Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. Prior to drug detection analysis with blood, the sample is centrifuged

Discuss the political, social, and cultural developments of China 1500-1900s Free Essays

The period between 1500 and 1900 encompasses important years that mark the time that preceded the development of modern China. First oppressed by the Mongolian rule in the 14th century, the nation was taken over by the Ming Dynasty that sought out to rebuild centralized control and reunite the country. The Ming Dynasty was replaced by the Qing Dynasty in the 17th century, signaling the start of the Manchu rule. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the political, social, and cultural developments of China 1500-1900s or any similar topic only for you Order Now We will discuss in turn the political, social, and cultural developments in China in that time period. Political Life The Ming Dynasty Coming to the nation as a break from the hated Mongolian dominance, the Ming Dynasty was started by a Han Chinese farmer and a Buddhist monk. In the early 16th century, its heyday when China conducted intense sea expeditions with the aim to conquer the surrounding area and challenge the Mongol expansion was to a great extent over. The Ming Dynasty had to engage in prolonged wars with Mongols to challenge their dominance and protect its borders. In the meantime, its own coastal areas were often attacked by the Japanese pirates that gave Ming emperors a lot of headache. In the north, even the construction of the world’s best known fortification, the Great Wall, did not prevent the attacks of the Mongols. As a result, the Ming emperors in the 16th-17th century were much weaker than their predecessors, like the powerful Zhu Yuanzhang who founded the dynasty in the early 14th century. In addition, internal conflicts were plaguing the court since â€Å"the harassed emperors abandoned more and more of their responsibilities to eunuchs† (Encarta). The Ming started a war with Japan in 1592 when they sent their troops to help the Korean allies to defend themselves against Toyotomi Hideyoshi. This turned into a prolonged warfare that lasted over seven years and dealt a heavy blow to the Ming’s treasuries. The result was an increase in social tensions all over the country. An example is the peasant rebellions in North China that started in 1628. These revolts finally led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty. A hefty rebellion occurred in 1642 when the dikes of the Huang He were cut by a rebellious group, leading to a flood and a starvation thereafter. The assault on Beijing, the capital used by the Ming, in 1644 resulted in the seizure of the city by the rebels and suicide of the last representative of the dynasty. The Qing Dynasty The Ming was replaced by the Qing Dynasty. As is often the result of a politically weak structure, their rule was in fact a foreign invasion since the Qing rulers were not Han Chinese, but Manchu. In order to be accepted by the Han Chinese majority, they retained a lot of customs of the Chinese and even upheld the Confucian tradition, nevertheless they always remained different from the Han Chinese. Thus, they also imposed some of their customs and traditions on their Chinese subordinates. They forced, for example, the Han to pick up the queue in the Manchu haircut style and to dress in their fashion, in this way replacing the traditional Han pigtail. To this day the Chinese wear â€Å"Qipao (bannermen dress) and Tangzhuang† that actually come from the Manchus (Encarta). It is noteworthy in which way the Manchus forced the Chinese to adopt these styles: the penalty for non-compliance was death. In the political system, the two groups were also separate. As the ruling ethnicity, the Manchus outnumbered the Han Chinese in the highest-ranking offices in the capital. However, there were still a lot of Chinese in other offices in the provinces. The Manchus, as mentioned before, were quick to adopt the philosophy of Confucianism that called on subordinates to obey the emperor. With those means, they were quick to bring the nation to obeyance and reinstate order in the provinces. With that accomplished, the Qing Dynasty also took pains to enlarge the empire through conquests and military raids. They attacked the Mongols, conquering the Outer Mongolia in the 17th century. In the next century, they added to the empire the territory of Central Asia and set up a protectorate in Tibet. With time, they also gained control of Taiwan. With the efforts of the Qing Dynasty, almost all danger to China Proper had been eradicated. In the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty entered a period of steady decline. Their control of the country became weak, and the nation once again plunged into a state of social tension and economic troubles. The Opium Wars began with the First Opium War in 1840, triggered by the desire of Britain to control the lucrative opium trade in China. The desire of the Western nations to control â€Å"concessions† in China led to unfavorable peace treaty following the First Opium War. The Opium Wars resulted in the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 and the Taiping Rebellion in 1851-1864 and the Boxer Rebellion in the same century. As a result of military campaigns and rebellions, the control of the Qing over the country became even weaker. Social Life Under the Manchu rule, the nation was dominated by foreign rulers who imposed their rules and traditions on everything. In addition, they also made efforts to keep themselves separate from the mainstream Chinese life. For example, marriages between the Manchus and the Han Chinese were prohibited. The Chinese could not move permanently into the traditionally Manchu lands, and occupations such as trade or manual labor were reserved only for the Han as the Manchus were prohibited to do these jobs. In many administrative positions, the office was taken by the Manchu person and the Chinese counterpart so that the Manchu official could check in on his Chinese colleague. The Qing rulers also imposed some of their customs and traditions on their Chinese subordinates. They forced, for example, the Han to pick up the queue in the Manchu haircut style and to dress in their fashion, in this way replacing the traditional Han pigtail. To this day the Chinese wear â€Å"Qipao (bannermen dress) and Tangzhuang† that actually come from the Manchus (Encarta). It is noteworthy in which way the Manchus forced the Chinese to adopt these styles: the penalty for non-compliance was death. Cultural Life The years under the rule of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties were an important period in Chinese culture. The Ming rule is marked by the arrival of the Europeans, among them a lot of Christian preachers. Particularly noteworthy were â€Å"Jesuits, members of a Roman Catholic religious order, showed respect for Chinese culture and overcame the foreigners’ reputation for lawlessness† (Encarta). The Jesuits tried to integrate with the local reality, learning the Chinese language and setting up settlements in the nation from which they could disseminate their religion. One of the important leaders in the Christian community was Mateo Ricci who took effort to learn Chinese and settled down in China. In intellectual life, as said, Confucianism was the dominant influence. The government placed emphasis on conforming to the official interpretation of Confucius’ writings consistent with the one provided by Zhu Xi. For centuries, his interpretation was considered standard, and deviation was not permitted. However, in the later Ming period, a few dissenting ideologies emerged, among them one proposed by â€Å"Wang Yangming, a scholar-official who rejected Zhu Xi’s emphasis on the study of external principles and advocated striving for wisdom through cultivation of one’s own innate knowledge† (Encarta). Although the Qing Dynasty was of Manchu, not Chinese origin, they also invested effort in the development of the Chinese culture. Thus, they engaged in projects devoted to Chinese literature in history. In fact, their efforts helped preserve a lot of Chinese ancient literary works. An outstanding effort was made by Emperor Kangxi who â€Å"ordered the creation of the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters ever put together at the time† (Encarta). The project on compiling the list of the important works related to Chinese culture was undertaken in the reign of Emperor Qianlong. Conclusion China in the period ranging from 1500 to 1900 experienced many events that left a deep imprint on modern China. Torn together by many different rulers, it nevertheless managed to maintain its unique culture and build upon it. It remained loyal to the ideals of Confucianism that were consistently implemented by the powerful monarchs who used the ideology to demand obedience. The rise of the Ming Dynasty was followed by its decline, the end of a cycle that opened the way to new rulers, the Manchus. Even being foreigners, they left a great deal of Chinese customs in place and left China even more culturally developed than it was. Even so, by the end of the nineteenth century, the nation was weakened politically and was heavily influenced by European powers. How to cite Discuss the political, social, and cultural developments of China 1500-1900s, Papers

Weimar Republic (2325 words) Essay Example For Students

Weimar Republic (2325 words) Essay Weimar RepublicWeimar RepublicThere were various factors that contributedto the failure of the Weimar Republic of Germany and the ascent of HitlersNational Socialist German Workers Party into power on January 30, 1933. Various conflicting problems were concurrent with the result of a Republicthat, from the outset, its first governing body the socialist party (SPD)was forced to contend with. These included the aspect of German imperialism,the unresolved defeat of 1918, financial collapse and the forced struggleagainst the activities of the National party as well as inflation. Otherfactors that influenced the failure of Weimar were the structural weaknessesinduced by the constitution and the basic lack of support for the Republicamong the German people particularly amongst the elite. All in all, theseaspects were the major causes that doomed the Weimar republic to ultimatefailure and the eventual ascent of Hitlers nationalist party to power. We will write a custom essay on Weimar Republic (2325 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The new socialist government of Weimar(SPD), whose constitution was adopted on July 30, 1919, entered a situationthey by no means created. The period during which they were appointed torule was associated with defeat and misery, and when disorder was nationwide. The situation then, was that of revolution. However, rather than to makeit a revolution of there own, they co-operated with the liberals and withthe catholic centre party to lead Germany in a reformed version of herold self. In June 1919, they voted to comply with the treaty of Versailles. However, the signing of the Treaty served to promote protest and unrestamongst the soldiers, sailors and the German people generally, and democracythus resulted in becoming an alien device. The imperial army, for instance,never got over the humiliation of surrender, which they felt, was a stabin the back by their own countrymen. The sailors at Kiel mutinied in alast desperate effort on October 28 and on November 9 1919, the streetswere filled with crowds marching to demonstrate at the center of Berlin. Furthermore, compliance with the Treatyof Versailles meant that Germany would have to make reparation paymentsit could scarcely afford. This fact placed a heavy strain on the alreadysuffering economy of Germany which was bankrupted by four years of warthus ensuing in the ascend of inflation and the occasioning of the respiteof payments by Germany in 1922. The French reacted by occupying the Ruhr,a major industrial area of Germany, in January 1923. This was felt a gravehumiliation by the German people and eventuated in widespread discontent. Germanys currency was already fragile, and in face of the occurring circumstancesconsequent to the Ruhr invasion and the overprinting of currency, the Markfell to chronic levels, eventually reaching the value of four billion againstthe US dollar, which therefore generated massive hyperinflation. The economicinstability, on top of the disillusionment and resent caused by the humiliatingpeace settlement, resulted in vast sections of German society feeling alienatedby the Republic. They responded by attacking the democracy and as a consequenceit became impossible to control the hostility and discontent. The deteriorating economic and social situationalso managed to wreak havoc on the political atmosphere of the time andthe Republic wound up having no positive friends and too many enemies. The Republic faced opposition from the extreme left by Spartacists whoresorted to force in efforts to overturn the Republic. In March 1920, theFreikorps who in Berlin launched a pro-Monarchist putsch in an attemptto install Wolfgang Kapp as Chancellor also challenged the Republic fromthe right. During this incident troops both refused to defend the Republicor take action against Freikorps. In protest the working classes then respondedby organizing a general strike in Berlin, which had the effect of frustratingthis putsch. The present regime was able to survive despite the numerousthreats. Extremism remained to pollute the atmosphere,the evidence being represented in the alarming amount of political assassinationsthat continued occurring. In evidence, according to an estimate of theMinister of Justice, rightists committed 354 murders between 1919 and 1923. During this time, when the Republic was suffering most and was being threatened,practically from all sides, Hitler had been making affective attempts tocapitalize on the resultant circumstances. He exploited the economic collapseby blaming it on all those he wished to portray as enemies. These werethe same enemies he declared as the November criminals who had broughtabout Germanys defeat in 1918. Hitlers plan was to seize power in Munich,and, with Bavaria as his base, to launch a march on Berlin not unlike Mussolinismarch on Rome of a year earlier, but without first being invited to takepower, as Mussolini had been. Hitler, however, continued to fail until1933 when he finally seized power. The continued disruption causedby his attacks on the Republic, notably his Munich putsch, in additionto the economic crises as well as the resurfacing of the previously unresolvedissues promulgated the grounds for an increased anti-republican sentimentwhich reached a climax in 1923 when the Republic was on its knees due tohyperinflation. It was against this traumatic background that the leadershipof the republic was passed to the hands of Gustav Stresemann in August1923. His determination and ambition to rectify circumstances in Germanywere realized in November 1923 when he introduced a new currency. .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .postImageUrl , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:hover , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:visited , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:active { border:0!important; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:active , .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u52235e905a790b417ce321a68627244b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nazca Lines EssayValued at one billion old Marks the introduction of the Rentenmark at theend of 1923 was a main reason for the currency stabalization. Further stabilitycame with the Dawes plan of April 1924, which provided a modified settlementof the reparation issues. In addition, French troops were then confirmedto leave the Ruhr, and disputes between the two countries then went tooindependent ruling. In September, Stresemann called off passive resistanceunconditionally. These headed many positive changes in Germany, whose effectswere felt universally in almost every facet of German life. By 1929, the German economy revived. Thechanges Stresemann managed to bring about still had the effect of deviatingopposition by both the extremist groups on the right as well as the left. However, while it seemed that politics might have settled down, the circumstancesthat were to follow in the coming years proved that Stresemann perhapsmerely postponed internal problems rather than eradicated them. The relativestability achieved through the late 1920s by Gustav Stresemann was, forinstance, heavily reliant upon foreign investment, loans and economic prosperity,not only in Germany but also in the United States from whence much of Germanysforeign investments originated. Consequently, as the American economy boomedthe attractiveness of investment in Germany became overshadowed and theGerman economy thus, again proceeded to decline in 1928. Additionally,during October 1929, two crises befell the Republic Gustav Stresemann,the architect of Germanys stability, died and later that month the collapseof share prices began on the New York stock exchange. Had Germanys prosperityand economic stability been self-reliant events and circumstances on theNew York stock exchange may h ave had a somewhat subtle effect in Germany. However, as said earlier, Germanys prosperity was merely financed by internationalloans and was excessively dependant on foreign investment. Germany wasthus forced to remain in a very vulnerable position, the results leadingto the onset of depression and the virtual crumbling of the Republicsvery foundations in recourse to the Wall Street crash during the end of1929. The depression that hit Germany in 1929,is said to have been the most severe economic depression in modern worldhistory. It devastated the lives of the urban population as well as thoseliving in the country districts that in recourse to the economic circumstancesstruggled desperately. The unemployment figures for Germany show the rapiddeterioration of the economic climate. In September 1929 1.3 million employableworkers were unemployed, for September 1930 the figures rose to 3 million,in September 1931 the figure was 4.35 million and by 1932 unemploymentreportedly escalated to 6 million. These conditions, in addition to theloss of confidence generated overseas which resulted in the rapid withdrawalof the foreign loans Germany relied on extensively placed additional strainon the republic. The political repercussions were just as acute. Unresolvedissues and old determinations to destroy the Republic again resurfaced. These resulted in the renewed attacks by the extremes of the left and theright who proceeded to take advantage of the situation and manipulate itto suit their own ends. Strikes, violence and constant bloodshed in streetbattles against communists suggested to be deliberately provoked by thebrown shirted toughs of the NSDAP, soon replaced political dialogue anddebate, and while the Republic had no Republican army to deal with thesynchronous persistence of violence, the power of Weimar to instill democracybecame largely disabled. Moreover, the continued unrest further exacerbateda general feeling of a loss of faith in the Republic and support for ittherefore deteriorated. The Republic had also been suffering fromstructural weaknesses, which also played a major role in crippling itsprogress. For example, the constitution of the new Republic emerged finallyfrom the National Assembly in July 1919. It was considered to be one ofthe most liberal documents written up of its kind in the twentieth centuryon. In practice though, it left much to be desired. One of its weaknesseswas the elaborate system of proportional representation, which was devisedto allow for minority parties to have a share in the system of government. Unfortunately, this system also made it virtually impossible for a singleparty to hold a majority in the Reichstag and therefore coalition governmentswere inevitable. Another weakness was the infamous Article48 of the Weimar Constitution. Under this article the President had theright to suspend civil liberties with the Chancellors assent in anemergency, thus giving him virtual dictatorial powers. Chancellor Brueningwas first to make use of Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution from 1930on when he, in response to the political and social unrest incurred inGermany during that period, was provoked to rule under emergency decree. .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .postImageUrl , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:hover , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:visited , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:active { border:0!important; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:active , .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0 .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u828932099981049a84bcfdf576b6efa0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner Literary EssayCorrespondingly, politics were radicalized once more and resulted thus,in the intensifications of divisions amongst the parties in the Reichstagto an extent that parliamentary government became all but impossible. Accordingly,the Weimar constitution became unworkable as well as unwanted. Moreover,as a result of the existing atmosphere and circumstances at the time ofthe Republic, the Republic perhaps resulted in not being looked at as aState in which the German people desired to live or to which they wereprepared to give positive encouragement. The repercussions had the effectsof helping the communists who succeeded in gaining the support of an overwhelmingnumber of the urban workforce. However, the main beneficiary was Hitlersparty, the NSDAP, who managed to increase their seats in the Reichstagfrom 12-107 thus concluding in their becoming the second largest politicalparty at the time. Thereafter, as the NSDAP continued to attracta positive response from the people, eventually seizing power in 1933,the Republic was doomed to eventual collapse and ultimate destruction. It is suggested that the eventual collapse of the Weimar Republic and therise of Hitler to power was almost inevitable. As a result of the existingcircumstances of economic crisis, near, if not, complete social disasterand almost universal discontent, there were ultimately only two choicesleft open to the German people; a narrow, army-backed Presidential dictatorship(the Communists) or a young, dynamic and broadly-based Nazi movement. For many, particularly the middle classes, the second choice was perhapsalso perceived as the only choice available to them, especially as theprospect of Communist rule, with also the existing presence of Article48 that allowed too much power to be vested in any one person, may haveseemed too frightening a risk to undertake. In addition, very many powerfulgroups preferred to lend their support to the opposite extreme the NSDAP. Hitler successfully managed to jockey his party as having the dual attractionof offering radical solutions to economic problems while upholding patrioticvalues. He seemingly promised something to everyone and the German people,thus responded to him as he had foreshadowed. The Nazis still did not succeed in retainingmore than thirty seven per cent of the vote. In November 1932 Hitler lostan additional thirty-four seats. However, in as much as the acting president(von Hindenburg) allowed himself to be convinced by generals and right-wingpoliticians that only the Nazi leader could restore order in Germany, inthe following year leadership was passed to him. Hindenburg felt that hewas a good president, but it was old age that rendered him helpless tohis advisors and the German people. Accordingly, Hitler was made Germanysfifteenth post war Chancellor in January 1933. At this stage Germans hadscarce knowledge of what the future under the rule of Hitler would meanor result in. However, Hitler lost no time in a founding a harshtotalitarian state known as the Third Reich, which he enforced within amere month of his appointment. The results were the destruction of a moderncivilized society that turned crisis into catastrophe, bringing the democracyof Weimar to its end. When assessing the reasons for the failureof the Weimar Republic and the ascent of the NSDAP to power, one has tomake various considerations for these events occurred as a result of aplurality of factors. Perhaps the most important factor was the economiccrises that befell the Republic in 1923 and again in 1929. However to neglectconsiderations like the possibility that the revolution of 1918 failedto create institutions loyal to the new regime, that perhaps the constitutionof the Republic was too idealistic and lacking in practicality, causingcertain structural weaknesses and finally, that the desertion of the Republicby the masses and more powerful interests made the failure of Weimar andthe rise of Hitler to power a mere matter of time would give a distortedview of the issue. Moreover, several political and social issues arosewith the creation of the Republic, one of which was the influence of ImperialGermany. The Republic failed to resolve these issues and these issues createdthe context that made the failure of the Republic and the rise of a dictatorialleader to power possible. Sources1. Fischer. F., (1986), From Kaiserreichto third Reich, Oxford University Press, London. 2. Gilbert. M.,(1997),A history of the twentieth century: Volume one: 1900-1933, Bath Press,Great Britain. 3. Gill. A., (1994), An honourabledefeat, William Heinemann Ltd, London. 4. Ramm. A., (1984), Europe in thetwentieth century 1905-1970, Longman Group Ltd, USA. 5. Simon. T., (1983), Germany 1918-1933revolution, counterrevolution and the rise of Hitler, Oxford UniversityPress, London. 6. Peukert. D., (1991), The WeimarRepublic, Penguin Press, London.