The Structure of Education from Early Years to Post-Compulsory Education

The structure of education from early years to post-compulsory education Entitlement & provision for early years education. As part of the every child matters agenda and the Childcare Act 2006 every child aged 3 & 4 is entitled to receive part time early years education of up to 12. 5 hours per week for 38 weeks of the year to ensure that they receive up to 2 years free education before reaching school age. The characteristics of schools & school governance. All schools are seeking to enforce expectations in terms of meeting the national curriculum. Under the National Curriculum there are four Key Stages to education: Foundation4 year olds Key Stage 15 to 7 year olds Key Stage 27 to 11 year olds Key Stage 311 to 14 year olds Key Stage 414 to 16 year olds Mainstream State Schools All children in England aged 5 to 16 are entitled to free education at a state school, most go to state schools. Nursery school: 3 to 4 year olds Reception: 4 year olds Primary: 5 to 11 year olds (Key Stage 1 & 2) Secondary: 11 to 16 (Key Stage 3 & 4) There are 4 main types of state school: Community schools, Foundation & Trust schools, Voluntary aided schools, Voluntary Controlled schools. Community schools These are run & owned by the local authority & cover all 4 Key Stages. Foundation & Trust schools Foundation schools are run by a governing body which employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria. Land and buildings are owned either by the governing body or by a charitable foundation. Trust schools are similar, but are run together with an outside body – usually a business or charity – which has formed an educational trust. Voluntary aided schools Voluntary-aided schools are religious or faith schools. Just like foundation schools, the governing body employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria. School buildings and land are usually owned by a charity, often a church. Voluntary Controlled schools Voluntary-controlled schools are a cross between community and voluntary-aided schools. The local authority employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria, like a community school, but the school land and buildings are owned by a charity, often a church, which also appoints some members of the governing body. Specialist schools State secondaries often specialise, which means they have an extra emphasis in one or two subjects. Schools can specialise in: the arts, maths and computing, business and enterprise, music, engineering, science, humanities, sports, languages, and technology. Special schools Special schools are for the education of students with special needs that addresses the students' individual differences and needs. This could involve the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, accessible settings designed to help learners with special needs achieve a higher level of success in school and community than would be available if the student were only given access to a typical classroom education. State schools with particular characteristics There are a number of schools within the state schools system with particular characteristics, some may have different admission criteria or funding arrangements but as with other state schools admissions are coordinated by the local authority. Academies Academies are independently managed schools set up by sponsors from business, faith or voluntary groups in partnership with the local authority and the government Department for Children, Schools and Families. City Technology Colleges These are urban-based, independently managed secondary schools geared towards science, technology and the world of work. They offer a range of vocational qualifications as well as GCSEs and A levels. Community and foundation special schools Pupils at a special school have usually been assessed and given a statement of special educational needs (SEN). These may include learning disabilities or physical disabilities. Some special schools are funded by the local education authority. These could be community, voluntary-aided or controlled, or foundation special schools. Some special schools are independent. Faith schools Faith schools are mostly run in the same way as other state schools. However, their faith status may be reflected in their religious education curriculum, admissions criteria ; staffing policies. Grammar schools Grammar schools select all or most of their pupils based on academic ability. Maintained boarding schools Maintained boarding schools offer free tuition, but charge fees for board ; lodging. Independent schools An independent school (also referred to as a private school, or in England as a public school) is a school that is not financed through the taxation system by local or national government and is instead funded by private sources, predominantly in the form of tuition charges, gifts and long-term charitable endowments, and so is not subject to the conditions imposed by accepting state financing. Free schools Free Schools are normally brand-new schools set up by teachers, charities, community or faith groups, universities and groups of parents where there is parental demand. They will be set up as Academies and will be funded in the same way, directly from central government. They also share with Academies a greater control over their finances, the curriculum, and teachers' pay and conditions. Post 16 options for young people & adults. There are more opportunities now than ever before when it comes to post 16 education, previously pupils aged 16 or over either left school and started employment or stayed on to continue their studies. There has been an increase in government funding of education for 14-19 year olds and in particular a focus on reducing the number of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) post 16. Just under an estimated one million 16 to 24-year-olds (979,000 in total) are considered NEET, according to official figures published in August, of these, around 186,000 are aged 16-18. If you are aged 16 or 17 and coming towards the end of a school or college course, the â€Å"September Guarantee† means that you’ll definitely be able to continue learning. The September Guarantee Under the last Labour government the guarantee was as follows: * Full or part-time education in school, sixth form college, independent learning provider or further education (FE) college * An Apprenticeship or programme-led Apprenticeship, which must include both the training element and a job or work placement * Entry to Employment (E2E) * Employment with training to NVQ level 2 By 2013 all pupils will be required to continue in education or training to at least 17 years of age although under new governments this could change.

Brand Personality

Consumer Behaviour Brand Personality: Red Bull Red bull has become one of the largest most profitable companies on the planet. One might ask how an energy drink company could become so big. The answer to that question is through an effective brand personality. Red bull began as a company in Thailand, and once entrepreneurs realized the potential opportunity it exploded. As of recently, Red Bull has gotten its name into just about every sport there is.Their niche is extreme sports and events but they also are involved in traditional team sports as well. To give a general sense of just how wide spread their reach is, we will take a look at just some of the sports and events they sponsor. The list is as follows: * New York Red Bull * MLS soccer team * Red Bull Crushed Ice: * Downhill ice skating race * Red Bull Racing: * Formula One racing * Red Bull’s â€Å"McConkey† Documentary: * Famous Skier/Base Jumper Documentary * Red Bull Rampage Utah Mountain biking competition * Red Bull Winch Sessions * Abstract Wakeboarding and snowboarding locations * Red Bull Art of Motion * Freerunning competition * Red Bull Stratos * Felix Baumgartner’s record breaking jump from 128,000 feet * Travis Rice’s: The Art of Flight * Snowboard documentary funded by Red Bull This list goes on. Just by these few examples there’s no question that Red Bull has developed a world famous brand personality, for being the leader in sports innovations.They have continually pushed the envelope when it comes to extreme activities. Using Felix Baumgartner’s jump as a primary example, Red Bull, not NASA, sent a man 128K feet to test the possibility of a human entering the atmosphere. Felix’s jump set records including highest (128K feet) and fastest (1342km/h – breaking the sound barrier) free fall ever. This recent event portrays Red Bull’s personality perfectly and just how creative and innovative they are becoming with regards to their sponsorships. Brand Personality Consumer Behaviour Brand Personality: Red Bull Red bull has become one of the largest most profitable companies on the planet. One might ask how an energy drink company could become so big. The answer to that question is through an effective brand personality. Red bull began as a company in Thailand, and once entrepreneurs realized the potential opportunity it exploded. As of recently, Red Bull has gotten its name into just about every sport there is.Their niche is extreme sports and events but they also are involved in traditional team sports as well. To give a general sense of just how wide spread their reach is, we will take a look at just some of the sports and events they sponsor. The list is as follows: * New York Red Bull * MLS soccer team * Red Bull Crushed Ice: * Downhill ice skating race * Red Bull Racing: * Formula One racing * Red Bull’s â€Å"McConkey† Documentary: * Famous Skier/Base Jumper Documentary * Red Bull Rampage Utah Mountain biking competition * Red Bull Winch Sessions * Abstract Wakeboarding and snowboarding locations * Red Bull Art of Motion * Freerunning competition * Red Bull Stratos * Felix Baumgartner’s record breaking jump from 128,000 feet * Travis Rice’s: The Art of Flight * Snowboard documentary funded by Red Bull This list goes on. Just by these few examples there’s no question that Red Bull has developed a world famous brand personality, for being the leader in sports innovations.They have continually pushed the envelope when it comes to extreme activities. Using Felix Baumgartner’s jump as a primary example, Red Bull, not NASA, sent a man 128K feet to test the possibility of a human entering the atmosphere. Felix’s jump set records including highest (128K feet) and fastest (1342km/h – breaking the sound barrier) free fall ever. This recent event portrays Red Bull’s personality perfectly and just how creative and innovative they are becoming with regards to their sponsorships. Brand Personality Consumer Behaviour Brand Personality: Red Bull Red bull has become one of the largest most profitable companies on the planet. One might ask how an energy drink company could become so big. The answer to that question is through an effective brand personality. Red bull began as a company in Thailand, and once entrepreneurs realized the potential opportunity it exploded. As of recently, Red Bull has gotten its name into just about every sport there is.Their niche is extreme sports and events but they also are involved in traditional team sports as well. To give a general sense of just how wide spread their reach is, we will take a look at just some of the sports and events they sponsor. The list is as follows: * New York Red Bull * MLS soccer team * Red Bull Crushed Ice: * Downhill ice skating race * Red Bull Racing: * Formula One racing * Red Bull’s â€Å"McConkey† Documentary: * Famous Skier/Base Jumper Documentary * Red Bull Rampage Utah Mountain biking competition * Red Bull Winch Sessions * Abstract Wakeboarding and snowboarding locations * Red Bull Art of Motion * Freerunning competition * Red Bull Stratos * Felix Baumgartner’s record breaking jump from 128,000 feet * Travis Rice’s: The Art of Flight * Snowboard documentary funded by Red Bull This list goes on. Just by these few examples there’s no question that Red Bull has developed a world famous brand personality, for being the leader in sports innovations.They have continually pushed the envelope when it comes to extreme activities. Using Felix Baumgartner’s jump as a primary example, Red Bull, not NASA, sent a man 128K feet to test the possibility of a human entering the atmosphere. Felix’s jump set records including highest (128K feet) and fastest (1342km/h – breaking the sound barrier) free fall ever. This recent event portrays Red Bull’s personality perfectly and just how creative and innovative they are becoming with regards to their sponsorships.

Case study of starbucks attraction strategies

Case study of starbucks attraction strategies Starbuck coffees want to lead for their best coffee in the world. Starbucks always believe in serving best coffee to their customer. Buying, roasting, and serving are the highest quality of starbucks. Starbucks also give there coffe to farmers who help to clean the environment. The knowledge we got from our farmers are helping us to use that same information in our other areas. Environmental Stewardship Starbucks is particular about the cleanliness. Coffee is an agricultural product. Starbucks is vulnerable to the effects of climate change. We are keeping in mind about the high standard quality product which will help us reduce our environmental impact. And for future generation we are taking actions like building up tree watering the plants saving energy. Theseare some factor that we should focus on. Recycling the cups Starbucks introduced a new disposable cup. Starbucks are introducing disposable cups was the only option that contain 10% post consumer recycled fibre. other stakeho lders are also helping starbucks to make there cups recycle and practising Starbucks, cup manufacturers, recyclers, and other stakeholders to jointly identify the steps required to make our cups recyclable in form and in practice. We planned to take a survey test to know what people think about the recycling cups in markets and it will be a good impact on teenagers. 100% recycling in stores Starbucks white cup has been main part of the coffee house . At the same time, it has become a major concern among our customers how are we recycling the cups and that to we can use it afterward. starbucks are aiming that they will make it 100% reusable cups within next five years. Starbucks are working on this works from a long time. And they assured that they will do whatever thay can to make this happen. MARKETING STARBUCKS IS A GREAT COMPANY FOR MARKETING Starbucks have a good name in market .starbucks do a lot of thing to promote their brand like advertising making website and opening there branches in all over the country. Starbuck have a good customer care service. They customers never complaint to them about the service which they provide. Starbucks have an advantage that the have a huge marketing online program so everyone can know about it. And it should also change the website design after few months so people should like it and for that they need to hire a professional manager. Marketing Mix When Starbucks marketing their products firms need to create a successful mix of: Product – to choose the right product for customers. Place – to choose the right place to sell the coffee Price – to choose reasonable price for customer satisfaction. Promotion – ways to promote the brand Starbucks marketing mix PRODUCT Starbucks have huge varieties of food material. it offers some special pastries, coffee and smoothes to satisfy customer demands.Starbucks also launched cappuccino for the people who love to have coffee at home. they can simple buy t he product from market and have the same taste while sitting at home. The Instant via Ready is an instant coffee that colourless taste from its regular brewed coffee.starbucks are offering new varieties in tea- a Full Leaf Tazo Tea Lattes and Tazo Tea Infusions which will attract tea drinkers.

Ask week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ask week 6 - Essay Example Explicate some of the benefits associated with the use of informal organization. Although informal organization is argued to promote and to continue social cultural values of the organization, it can also lead to negative attitudes between employees. Explain ways through which informal organization can lead to this effect. How do people who refuse to transfer knowledge to others in an organization affect the running of the organization? What are advantaged accrued from mentoring and knowledge transfer within the organization? The current formal setting within the organization affects decision making processes. It is apparent that the organization can be termed as a family business entity. In what ways is this scenario a barrier in paving way for successful and effective decision making processes? It can be argued that in order to resolve the land problem, this formal organizational structure needs to be challenged. In what ways can this structure be challenged? Do you see the use of informal organization playing a critical role to this

Mentoring vs. Induction Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mentoring vs. Induction Programs - Essay Example An induction program facilitates complete and persistent improvement to school customs and the new teachers. It generally adds on the quality of training, support and retention of newly hired or employed teachers. The new recruits become qualified as a result of the induction thereby making them more competent, able and more helpful. Mentoring on the other hand involves a more specific and personal and long term support for new teachers. The newly hired teachers are assigned to experienced fellow teachers who are able to guide and support them. Mentoring programs are limited to resources while in induction there is massive investment that is used to make the program successful. Mentoring is therefore part of the induction process. It however does not have much clear cut goals to be accomplished and it fails to provide substantiation of relationship between professionals, communities and students. Nevertheless, it is important to note that both programs help to reduce first time grind ing down. According to Department of Education (2006), wear and tear among the teachers has reduced by a huge percentage because of mentoring and induction programs that help in supporting sustainability. Induction is more effective and critical because it consists of internships, workshops and clarification that help new students to understand and face new challenges. Induction also seeks to meet the long term teachers’ needs for as long as it is possible. In order to ensure success of both programs there must be a multi-faceted framework that views critical components and it is also quite important to assess the challenges so as to put in place adjustments that meet the challenges wholly and for an extensive period of time. Different adjustments have been put in place to support the new teachers who participate in these programs. Supporting the new teachers is a critical strategy that integrates new teachers into the qualified way of life. Proper implementation attracts sup port and retains effective educators. This program ensures that there is excellence in teaching because it enhances student achievement and builds supportive environment within schools. The support available to new teachers would ensure there is increased scope in regards to their welfare and promotion of personal well being. This supports the new teacher all the way by providing orientation to ascertain that they become self reliant. The Grand Wood AEA Mentoring and Induction program is intended to train mentors so as to ensure service delivery to new teachers. The training provides mentors with improved knowledge and skills that are interactive and full of opportunities for learning and practice; these support the new teachers in their growth and development. This ensures that the mentor and the new teachers finish mentoring assignments in between the sessions thereby ensuring the goals of mentoring are achieved. These support the new teachers and ensure that there is reduced teac her turnover since mentoring ensures new teacher retention. Wong (2004) explores the fact that high quality mentoring and ind

The World Film Journal- the movie Rain by Maria Govan Essay

The World Film Journal- the movie Rain by Maria Govan - Essay Example To her dismay, Rain discovers that her mother stays in Graveyard, which is a neighborhood for desperately poor people living within HIV-AIDS. Glory’s life revolves around drugs despite the high level of poverty experienced at the island (Bahamasmovie.com). When Rain reaches the Graveyard which, as Magdaline explains, is a land that becomes difficult to leave when someone gets in it, she starts new harsh life. When Rain realizes that the life in Graveyard is too harsh, she sets to discover her strength. Amazingly, Rain discovers that she is good at running, and she joins the team that is to represent the Bahamas in track events. However, training and equipment become non-affordable for her until Mrs. Adams assists her. Mrs. Adams gives Rain a light but touching lecture on determination, zeal, and acceptance in a bid to make her (Rain) stronger and more focused onto attaining her goals and objectives through running (Bahamasmovie.com). Magdaline’s quest to run for Miss Ba hamas Contest gives Rain motivation and courage that there are people in her environment who can survive and stay away from drugs. It is amazing that when Rain requires fifty dollars to register in a school, Glory is unable to find the sum, yet she spends approximately fifty dollars or more a day on drugs. She is forced to save for at least three months to obtain the money. This film is all about a young girl who finds herself between dread environment and confrontation of the fact that she wants to live with someone she has never known before, thus, reaching out for her inner self to find the best out of her (Bahamasmovie.com). Narrative Structure Maria Govan reaches out to the audience through striking a visual sense aimed at providing a reflection of contrasts existing between idyllic setting and the harsh realities found within the Bahamas. Such visual sense enhances visualization of the actual picture by the viewers, thus, making it easier to follow the main idea of the film. R ain’s grandmother cautioned her against going to look for the mother. Nonetheless, after the grandmother’s demise, Rain visualizes sense that she can barely care for herself, hence, the search for her mother. In the foreign land, Rain also visualizes some sense from the behavior and lifestyle of the mother, hence, does not give up in her quest to finding the best out of her leading to discover her talent in running. In making all these decisions, Rain considers both sides of the coin, the ideals and realities in Bahamas. For instance, the ideal situation is that she can continue staying with her grandmother, but the reality is that she is too young and incapable of taking care of her needs (Bahamasmovie.com). For this reason, she decides to go out in search for her mother. In addition, Maria talks about the reality that however much the residents try, they can never attain a given lifestyle, especially that experienced by tourists. Maria also uses the idea of everyday beauty within communities and societies to develop the storyline. This proves to be very useful, especially in understanding how the various experiences of marginalized residents of the Bahamas undergo in their daily lives. Consequently, the film director is able to reach many viewers through her narrative structure and style. This makes The Rain one of the best movies watched by a huge magnitude of spectators. Surprisingly, the author does

Concepts in Homeland Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concepts in Homeland Security - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that partnership between DHS and FBI is important to promote a â€Å"whole community† approach to ensure that every nook and corner of the homeland is safe. The partnership between DHS and FBI and many other agencies enhance the preparedness against low predictability events. This is why professionals in FBI raid jackets can be seen at every other terrorism event despite the fact that DHS is the primary homeland security agency. â€Å"Black Swan† means such a disastrous event whose predictability is very low and its consequences are extremely catastrophic. The disastrous outcomes are high. Some good examples include terrorist attacks, natural and environmental disasters of high scale, and economic failures. The terrorist attack of 9/11 was a big Black Swan event in the history of US because of its zero predictability and high catastrophic outcomes. It was a terrorist attack which could not be anticipated, and thus, preparedness was zero and zilch. So, Black Swan is related to preparedness in a sense that it helps security agencies take measures to implement such classical risk assessment and management policies that help us sort out some of the most predictable events. We can ask ourselves questions, like how predictable is a disaster? What kinds of disasters have been occurring in the neighborhoods or cities in the past? What are the chances that the disaster will become a major event? What can be the level of damage? How much will be the cost for rehabilitation? How will resilience be ensured? What plans and actions can be taken to avoid or deal with such a disaster? These questions will lead us toward preparedness.

Training and Development in UK Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Training and Development in UK Business - Essay Example This helps the organization to train the employee while they are still performing their duties. On-work training is one of the most effective ways of helping an organization to increase the skills of its workforce. However organization can also train their employees in other institution. In this case employees are given study leave to attend training in other institutions. This is usually important when organization want to train their employees on new technology which is not readily available. There are other benchmarked ways that have been shown to be important in the training and development of the workforce that can be used by organization (Arkin 1995, p. 73). Employees can also be trained on different issues. The kind of skills that the company imparts to its workforce depends on the line of operations. But there are general skills that any company will need to impart to its workforce including communications, customer services, respecting diversity in the workplace, ethics in operation, human relations, and others that are important in the functioning of the organization as one system. But the most important skills that any organization would like to impart of its workforce with the special skills that are used in its line of operations. However at the end of the day there ar... However at the end of the day there are number of benefits that both the employees and the organization are likely to have. Although the organization will use a lot of resource in training the employee, at the end it will have a competent workforce and increase its overall production. It will haves satisfied workforce and reduce its rate of employee turnover. It will also help to enhance the image of the company and help in risk management. For the employees, there will be increased job satisfaction, increase level of employee motivation, increase efficiencies in the production process, increase capacity for them to adapt to the new work processes and the new technologies that are being implemented in the workplace, increase innovation and reduced turnover (Beard 2002, p. 83).Most of the studies that have been carried out have shown that there is a difference between different companies in the way they train their employees and the achievement of the employees. In this case it has be en noted that companies may use the same training and development process but achieve different end results. While the quality and the level of train can be taken as a probable factor causing this difference, many studies have not looked the employee's contribution factor in the efficiency of the process. There is need to carry out more research on the different between employee expectation and perception of training and the overall success of training and development initiatives (Thorpe 1997, p. 23). Problem statement Although most companies have invested in the training and development of their workforces, they have not been achieving the same result. Studies have

Managing Human Error in Aviation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Human Error in Aviation - Article Example A co-pilot who always cedes to the judgment of the pilot hurts the team because no redundancy checks exist. The author attempts to review these errors which lead to disasters and create solutions to the problems. The article cites the 1978 United Airlines crash where the pilot focused on the landing gear warning light and not the low fuel indicator. Although the co-pilot warned of the fuel problem, he was not emphatic enough. The jet crashed, not because of a faulty warning light, but because the two pilots failed to act as an effective team. As a team, they stayed focused on the imagined landing gear problem. The second citation is the 1982 Air Florida crash in Washington, DC. Again, the copilot was uncomfortable with the aircraft’s performance, in this case, airspeed indicators; but again, the co-pilot failed to adequately state his concern. The jetliner crashed into the Potomac River. This crash pointed to the importance of collaboration rather than a chain of command.   One suggested a technological solution is smart computers. When these devices were tried in the flight simulators, oftentimes the pilot would concentrate on programming the computer rather than fly the aircraft in crowded airspace. The better solution was to turn off the computer and fly â€Å"stick and rudder† so the attention was on the airspace and other traffic. Crew Resource Management (CRM) resolves these issues to some extent. CRM dissects the cultural, societal and company, psychological and social human factors in communications and decision making. A more collaborative management ensues from this training. All crew members can speak out on safety issues. One study showed an Asian based airline’s pilots considered the chain of command to take precedence over safety. The net result is training teams, rather than leaders and followers.

Definition and description of home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition and description of home - Essay Example When I was a child, my parents made me believe that home was in our family house. However, as I grew up, my understanding, definition, and description of a home changed with time. I realized I would visit some places and get the feeling of being at home while others made me feel homesick. I was born in California, in a family house that still evokes a feeling of security, love, and comfort. My child’s bedroom might have looked ordinary for many people, but that was the most exciting place to be in, it was my home. I would look around it while leaving for school and wonder when I would be back. My bedroom was full of secrets ranging from pencil writings at one corner of the room to my ever hidden diary. The light blue painting made my room so lovely. I recall the days I would come home feeling tired, but the moment I got into my room, all the tiredness would go away to be replaced by a feeling of relaxation. I remember peeping through the window and calling out my best friend’s name since they lived next door. I still recall the beautiful yard around our house where I spent my weekends playing with my dog. I remember the tall trees with branches brushing against my bedroom window whenever it was windy. The kitchen was another place I often remember of whenever I think of my childhood home. It was the place where my mother cooked the best meals. The living room was where we would gather as a family to talk and share the day’s happenings or watch a movie together. I always hoped I would live there forever, since I considered this the definition of an ideal home. At some point I had to leave home, which was one of the most agonizing moments of my life. I thought I would never find another place to call home. This was true for some time, but I began feeling homesick and wished I would go back home. I tried to make the houses I lived in to feel homely, but they always remained to be houses lacking the security and comfort I had

The Role Of Hrm Essay Example for Free

The Role Of Hrm Essay Suddenly, he has pleaded guilty to charges that are likely to land him in prison for 10 years, forfeited $29 million he personally made from operating the off-balance-sheet entities, and agreed to fully co-operate with the prosecutors. What caused Fastow’s about-turn was the likely indictment of his wife, Lea Fastow. The only condition he made for his plea bargain was that he and his wife should not go to prison at the same time. He wanted to ensure that his two children had at least one parent at home. Basically, he sacriï ¬ ced his self-interest, as he saw it, to protect the interests of his children and, to a lesser extent, those of his wife, who was also his high-school sweetheart. This was the same Andrew Fastow who designed Enron’s entire management system around a ï ¬ rm faith that employees pursued only their own self-interest. ‘You must allow people to eat what they hunt,’ he used to say, ‘only then will they hunt well.’ It was this philosophy that made Enron adopt one of the most extreme systems of individual incentives: when you started a new venture within Enron, you got phantom stocks relevant only to your venture. As long as your efforts made money, you got rich, irrespective of what happened to other parts of the company. As a result, everyone in Enron, including Fastow, acted like hunters – looking out only for themselves. The results of such behaviour are now well known. This is an interesting contrast, and it is by no means unusual. Most managers know that they themselves, and most other people, care about others close to them in their personal lives – their children, old friends, perhaps even some of their neighbours – and that they would happily incur some costs to help these people. At the same time, they also believe that, at work, people care only about their own self-interest. Even if they do not explicitly believe that, they design their companies’ organisational and managerial processes as if the motivation to voluntarily help others has no role in the ofï ¬ ce or the factory. The facts are clear. Most people pursue their self-interest. At the same time, except for a pathological few, most people also have an innate preference for helping others. And they like to help others not just as a means to further their own self-interest but also as an end in itself. This is equally true for people’s personal and work lives. Also, this is not something as grand as altruism; it’s much more mundane than that – it’s how just all of us ordinary folks are. What would happen if senior managers recognised that it was possible to build an organisation in which people derived as much joy from the success of others as from their own success, and designed their management processes accordingly? It would vastly change those processes. As an example, make a quick inventory of your HR processes and put them into two categories: those that reinforce the self-interest-seeking behaviours of people, and those that support their helping others. Look at concrete processes and mechanisms, not abstractions like values which, unless translated and embedded in speciï ¬ c practices, have little effect on behaviours. How long are the two lists? Can you do something to rebalance them? One possible difï ¬ culty you may face is that you do not quite know what you can do to support the more co-operative behaviours. For example, what speciï ¬ c kind of incentive systems might you use? What kind of decision-making processes can you adopt? Structurally, too, what can you do to hardwire non-selï ¬ shness – which is not at all the same thing as becoming a saint and not the obverse of self-sacriï ¬ ce – in your organisation? These are among the key questions that we, fellows of the Advanced Institute of Management Research, will be trying to answer. Much of the existing management research makes the same assumption as Fastow made about what motivates people at work. We will question and ENRON: SOMETHING’S GOT TO GIVE broaden these assumptions with the aim of coming up with rigorously researched theories that are not victims of pessimism about people, and that will, we hope, help you build highperformance organisations that are also delightful to work in. Watch this space. Source: Sumantra Ghoshal, People Management, 12 February 2004, p. 23. Discussion questions 1 What is the point of HR if employees are only out to serve themselves? 2 What role could the HR manager play in building an organisation that celebrates the success of others rather than individuals? The opening vignette gives a disturbing view of management practices. Enron encouraged employees to lose sight of organisational goals, in an attempt to serve their own goals. The chief ï ¬ nancial ofï ¬ cer of Enron, Andrew Fastow, encouraged self-interest by offering employees shares, which reï ¬â€šected the value of the business they brought to the company. The result: a culture of selï ¬ shness, which encouraged greed and ultimately destroyed the company. As an HR manager, your role in organisations will not be solely related to the concrete mechanisms of human resource management, such as the functions, but also abstract values, such as culture. Whether you work as a supervisor in a supermarket with responsibility for the checkout operators, the general manager of the local branch of a multinational bank, the union representative for a major airline or the director of HRM in a technology organisation, you will be responsible for managing people. You may have decided to choose people management because you have a love of people, but empathy for people is not necessarily what makes human resource practitioners effective. According to Hunt (1999), what is important for HR managers, is an understanding of the structures and climate in which people’s potential can be released, developed and rewarded. Andrew Fastow of Enron, although misguided, discovered this in his famous quote: ‘You must allow people to eat what they hunt – only then will they hunt well.’ However, he failed to understand the necessity of developing the whole organisation and the results are history. The Enron view of people management is not the view taken by all organisations. The John Lewis Partnership, for instance, also believes in giving its employees, or ‘partners’ as they are referred to by the company, a stake in the organisation. It achieves this by encouraging workers to co-operate to fulï ¬ l the company’s aims. In turn, employees are rewarded with a share of the proï ¬ ts. This book introduces you to the role of the people manager and human resource specialist. It also should be useful for general managers wanting to successfully manage and develop their employees. The book is designed not only to introduce you to the underlying theories and concepts that inform human resource practitioners but also to current practices necessary for the functions of HRM. At the moment, human resources (HR) is in a constant state of change, with Hunt (1999) suggesting that one of the following could happen. Human resources goes into decline – outsourcing and downsizing has removed the HR specialist from organisations and placed the HR role with the overworked line manager.

Internet & Society Essay Example for Free

Internet Society Essay The world is changing and many new technologies are being developed continuously. Our daily life is affected by these changes. The changes will become faster in future. Internet is one most important result of changing technologies. It has become a part of our daily life. Every new technology has its own effects. Some of them are positive and some may be negative. We should avoid the negative effects. Technology should be used in a positive manner, otherwise it will destroy us. Internet is an amazing creation of the technology. The whole world is affected by it and all people are directly or indirectly related with it. Internet is extremely helpful for numerous persons. Students take help of internet for their homework. Investors use internet for the information about stocks. Sport fans watch score and statistics. Internet has taken the place of television. Today internet is same as the television in 1940-50s. Internet is more useful and advantageous than television. But it is not possible for every person to use the internet. Internet also created an effect on the print media and it is gradually replacing the print media because a magazine or newspaper can be published at a very low cost on the internet. There is no need of ink and paper on the internet and fewer workers are required. That’s why print media is taking the advantage of internet. Internet is the main reason behind the revolution in society. Because of the internet, communication between the different countries, societies, communities became possible. Before the internet technology there was no other communication system being so vast to express the ideas and the feelings. Through internet data, voice, and video communication is possible. Mostly people avoid speaking to unknown person. Internet has proved very useful for such kind of people, because they talk with people without showing their age, looks and class. People find many friends through the internet. Many public sites provide this facility. People can gain many friends through these sites. Many young people are earning money with the help of internet by web designing, game construction, working as a freelance writer. It means internet provides many opportunities for the people. Internet has shrunk the world. Today each country is connected with another country with the help of internet. People of one country or society are becoming familiar with the culture of another country or society. With the help of internet the people who have knowledge got their position in the society. At present online shopping has become very popular. People are buying products from their home with the help of the internet. People buy products at low cost from the internet as compare to market because companies can save money of shops and workers in online shopping. United state based company Amazon. com is the best example of online shopping company. People can find each and every thing at lower cost on this website. In recent years some companies have allowed their employees to work at home with the help of internet because workplace has become very stressful and the pollution also increased in some last years. This is very advantageous because a person can save money and time by working from home. The Internet provides freedom of speech. The people who don’t have courage can convey their ideas with the help of internet without any fear. With the help of internet now people are globally connected. A person can communicate with the person of other part of the word at any time through internet. Now people are connected socially and professionally by the use of internet. Internet is very suitable and affordable medium of communication. Today we can place an order just by click a button. Now we can book hotels, flights and train tickets online. Internet made the communication easy. Now we can communicate with the help of e-mail, video conferencing, instant messaging, and Voice over Internet Proxy (VoIP). People can easily get information with the help of internet because there is a very huge database on the internet related with each object. People are finding jobs with the help of internet. We can submit many forms online, which saves time. On internet we can decide that which news or information we want to read. Internet is also playing an important role in the field of entertainment. We can play many games and solve puzzles. Songs can be listened online and we can watch videos on internet. There are some bad effects also, because of the internet on the society. Pornography is a very bad effect of the internet. Sexual material is easily available on internet and society is accepting this material without hesitation. Because of this interest of the people in sex is increasing day by day. As a result, sex-related crimes are increasing continuously. Because of the internet a lot of jobs have been lost, because a small number of people are required to run a site. Because of the online shopping people do not leave their home. This is a reason behind the many diseases such as obesity. Online shopping is not helpful for the local economy because most of these online shopping sites are international. Internet is not always reliable, because there is a risk of breaking the privacy. There is everything is in the form of binary information. On internet we are dependent on others for our privacy. We can not surely protect our information. With the help of data mining our information can be theft. Copyright problem has become a great problem now days. Identity of a person can be theft with the help of internet. There are many other bad effects of the internet such as meeting with the people whom you met online, giving personal information to a complete stranger, giving wrong information. A person can be easily cheated by the internet. Many terrorists are using internet technology for communication by using a wrong address. Child pornography, credit card frauds, espionage, online stalking, kidnappings are some other bad effects of the internet on the society. Now it can be said that it depends on us how internet affects society. Internet can be proved very useful if we use it in a positive direction. Many laws are made for preventing internet crimes, but these crimes are still there. There is a need of enforcement of these laws. Internet can be very useful for the society. It is the best medium of communication and it can be said a good platform for expressing your ideas. There are a lot of changes in the society because of the internet. Internet enhanced the status of the living. Today information and education about the safe use of computer has become very important. There are many disadvantages of the internet, but I think it has really improved our lives.There is a need of education and enforcement of the laws. References Cole J. I. The Impact of the Internet on Our Social,Political and Economic Life. The UCCLA Center for communication Policy. 2000. Cuizon, G. Internet Crime: How Does It Affect Our Society?. April 15, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://www. socyberty. com/Crime/Internet-Crime-How-Does-It-Affect-Our-Society. 109754 Nie, N. Study of social Consequences of the Internet. Stanford Institute of the Quantitative Study of Society (SIQSS). 2000. Pros and cons of the Internet in todays society. Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://www. helium. com/items/779510-pros-and-cons-of-the-internet-in-todays-society Purdy, R. The Internet- Boon or Detriment to Society? Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://iml. jou. ufl. edu/projects/STUDENTS/Purdy/INDEX. HTM Rajani, M. K. Chandio, M. S. Use of Internet and its effects on our Society. Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://www. szabist. edu. pk/ncet2004/Docs/Session%20VIII%20Paper%20No%202%20(P%20157-161). pdf The Internets Effect on Society. November 19, 2001. Retrieved February 24, 2009 from http://www. bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2/A650684

Effect of the 2012 Olympic Games on Disabled Transportation

Effect of the 2012 Olympic Games on Disabled Transportation The Olympic Games in 2012 can â€Å"leave a legacy of accessible transport and facilities not just for disabled sportsmen and women, but for people with a disability in general.†[1] Phil Lane, British Paralympic Association Chief Executive Table of contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Evaluation 3.1. Legislation 3.1.1. DDA 1995 3.1.1.1. Meaning of Disability 3.1.1.2. Meaning of Discrimination 3.1.1.3. Positive Duty under the DDA 2005 3.1.1.4. Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles 3.1.1.5. Rail Vehicles 3.1.1.6. Public Transport Vehicles 3.1.1.7. Aircraft and Ships 3.1.1.8. DDA 1995: Comparison to other Anti-Discrimination Legislation 3.1.1.9. Criticisms 3.2. Case Law 3.3. Stakeholder Commentary 3.4. Survey Results 4. Recommendations 5. Conclusion 5. Appendix â€Å"A† 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.  Introduction The Labour government under Tony Blair has set out an ambitious agenda for tackling disability discrimination across society. Part of this agenda has involved amendments to the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995)[2] in order to ensure that the lessons of the first ten years of the Act having been in force are taken into account. The DDA 1995 sets out, along with the regulations and orders made under the Act, the legislative framework the intention of which is to ensure that disabled people throughout the country have access to the same opportunities as the public at large. With London having been awarded the Olympic Games in 2012, the ability of this legislative framework to force through change, both on a functional level, and on a cultural one, will be put to the test. The purpose of this report is to examine and critically assess, within the context of transport in London and airline operators, whether or not this legislative framework is sufficient to meet the needs of disabled people coming up to the Olympic Games and beyond. 2.  Methodology In order to assess the readiness of London to meet the needs of disabled travellers during the Olympic Games and beyond within the confines of a research paper it is necessary to clearly define the scope of the intended research. In this case, the scope of the investigation is limited to transport in London, which includes taxis, trains, public authority vehicles, buses, the underground, aircraft and, to a lesser degree, accessibility to the buildings from which those transport vehicles leave from and arrive to. In order for it to be concluded that London will be ready to meet the needs of disabled travellers by 2012, it will need to be shown, that the current legislative framework is sufficient; that where there are ambiguities within the legislation, the Courts have been willing to provide useful guidance to transport providers and disabled travellers generally; that the culture within the public transport industry has changed with managers and employees now aware of their obligations under the legislation; that there are adequate penalties in place to discourage those that fail to comply; and finally, that these previously mentioned factors will all work together to provide disabled travellers with a integrated means of getting around London by 2012. In order to investigate these matters, it was necessary to look in detail at the provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995), how the Act has been amended over the past eleven years, and in particular by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005 (DDA 2005), the various regulations and orders made under the DDA 1995 pertaining to public transport, cases decided dealing with the DDA 1995 and various commentary available from both public transport service providers, disabled travellers and other stakeholders. A survey of both rail and airline employees was also undertaken in order to gauge the level of understanding of the provisions of what is a complicated and often misinterpreted piece of legislation. The results of that survey are set out in Appendix A and discussed within the body of this report. 3.  Evaluation 3.1  Legislation One of the main aims of this report is to establish whether or not the amendments made to the DDA 1995 by the DDA 2005 have assisted in making the DDA 1995 more accessible or whether it remains, as noted by Lord Justice Mummery, â€Å"without doubt an unusually complex piece of legislation which poses novel questions of interpretation.†[3] 3.1.1  DDA 1995 The primary piece of legislation dealing with discrimination against disabled people using public transport is the DDA 1995 which has been amended by the DDA 2005. The DDA 2005 received royal assent on the 7th April 2005. Its main purpose was to give effect to the submissions made by various groups relating to the operation of the DDA 1995 over the preceding ten years by providing for certain important amendments in relation to that legislation. The DDA 2005 makes several substantial amendments to the DDA 1995. Those that apply to public transport are set out in Sections 5 to 9. Section 5 inserts a new Section 21ZA into the DDA 1995 and replaces the existing exclusion of transport services from Sections 19 to 21 of the DDA 1995 with a more precise exclusion which relates to only those transport services which consist of vehicle provision and use. Section 21ZA(1)(b) excludes discrimination which relates to a service provided, or not provided, while a disabled person is travelling in a vehicle. Section 21ZA(2) excludes from the duty to provide adjustments, transport services involving providing or using a vehicle. Sections 21ZA(1) and (2) can be disapplied through regulations made by the Secretary of State under Section 21ZA(3).[4] Section 6 of the DDA 2005 clarifies the timeframe for the bringing into force regulations dealing with all rail vehicles and the duty requiring rail operators to have in place measures allowing for disabled people to get on and off regulated rail vehicles in safety and without unreasonable difficulty and to be carried in regulated rail vehicles in safety and reasonable comfort. The Secretary of State is now required, under the new Section 46(4A) to ensure that all rail vehicles are regulated under the rail vehicles accessibility regulations by 1st January 2020. Section 6 also removes from the definition of â€Å"rail vehicle† the exemption relating to vehicles first brought into use after 31st December 1998. This means that there is now no start date and the Secretary of State is able to make regulations which apply to all rail vehicles and for instance, make regulations which apply to rail vehicles first brought into service before 1998 and which are for example refurbished. This closes a potential loop-hole in the legislation and allows the Secretary of State to meet the deadline imposed by 46(6A).[5] Section 6(3) clarifies the Secretary of State’s powers to make exemption orders relating to regulated rail vehicles by specifically allowing the making of exemption orders which relate to the operational as well as the construction elements of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations. Section 6(4) clarifies the procedure to be followed by the Secretary of State when exercising their discretion under Section 67(5A) of the DDA 1995. This procedure applies to the making of exemption orders and requires the Secretary of State to consult the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee, and any other bodies that may be appropriate, and furthermore, for such regulations to be subject to the draft affirmative procedure which allows for greater parliamentary scrutiny. In the same vein of providing closer scrutiny over the making of exemption orders, Section 6(5) of the DDA 2005 inserts a new section (67B) which requires an annual report to be produced by the Secretary of State deta iling the exemption orders which have been made and containing details of the consultation process undertaken.[6] Section 7 of the DDA 2005 deals with the new concept of rail accessibility compliance certificates and allows for the Secretary of State to make regulations appointing independent assessors responsible for granting and enforcing the certificates, setting out the mechanisms for the charging of fees and dispute resolution. The intention of the certification scheme is to ultimately prohibit regulated rail vehicles operating without a valid compliance certificate. These certificates will also provide a degree of flexibility with Section 47A(4) allowing the certificates to be subject to conditions.[7] Section 8 of the DDA 2005 replaces the criminal sanctions set out in the DDA 1995 for a breach of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations with a civil regime allowing the levying of penalties should an improvement notice and final notice issued by the Secretary of State not be complied with. It also provides the Secretary of State with new powers of inspection in cases in which it is suspected that a regulated rail vehicle fails to conform to the provisions of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations (Sections 47E and 47F). New sections 47D to 47L deal with the imposition of penalties on train operators. Section 47D to 47H deal with the amount, due date and recovery of penalties imposed under the Act. Most importantly, any penalty imposed cannot exceed 10% of the operator’s â€Å"turnover†. Section 47K sets out the procedure to be followed and the operator’s right to object. If the operator is not satisfied with the penalty imposed by the Secretary of State, they have the right to appeal to a Court, whether or not they have lodged an appeal with the Secretary of State, but only on the grounds that either the penalty should not apply to them or that the level of the penalty is too high.[8] Section 9 allows for the recognition in England and Wales of disabled persons’ parking badges issued in foreign jurisdictions. This then allows for reciprocal recognition of UK badges in other EU countries.[9] 3.1.1.1  Meaning of Disability The DDA 1995 defines a â€Å"disabled person† as someone who has a disability.[10] A person has a disability if they have, â€Å"†¦a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.†[11] This is further clarified in Schedule 1 of the DDA 1995. A mental impairment is not exhaustively defined but it originally only included mental illnesses in cases in which that illness is clinically well-recognised.[12] This constraint has now been removed by Section 18(2) of the DDA 2005. In addition, the DDA 2005 by way of Section 18(3) deems those suffering from HIV, Cancer or MS to be disabled before the symptoms set out in Section 1, or paragraph 8 of Schedule 1, have been experienced by them.[13] An impairment is held to be long-term if a person has had it for at least twelve months, it is expected to last for at least twelve months or it is likely to affect the person for the rest of their life.[14] 3.1.1.2  Meaning of Discrimination Section 3A(1) of the DDA 1995 states that a disabled person is discriminated against if, for a reason relating to a disabled person’s disability, a person treats a disabled person less favourably than they would someone without a disability and the person alleged to be discriminating against the disabled person cannot show that it is justified to treat them in this way. In order for the treatment referred to above to be justified, it must be both substantial and material to the particular cases’ circumstances.[15] However, if the treatment amounts to direct discrimination, it cannot be justified.[16] Similarly, if the person was required to make reasonable adjustments to cater for disabled people and has not done so, they will not be able to rely on a defence of the treatment being justified unless even if he had complied with the duty it would have been justified.[17] More relevantly to the issue of public transport, a person is also held to have discriminated against a disabled person if when a duty to make reasonable adjustments in relation to disabled people is imposed on them, they fail to comply with that duty.[18] 3.1.1.3  Positive Duty under the DDA 2005 The DDA 2005 introduced the concept of a â€Å"positive duty† for public authorities which makes it unlawful for them to, in the course of carrying out its functions, to discriminate against disabled people.[19] A similar â€Å"positive duty† has not been included with respect to private companies and employers. 3.1.1.4  Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles The DDA 1995 allows the Secretary of State to make regulations to ensure that it is possible for disabled persons; â€Å"to get into and out of taxis in safety,† and â€Å"to be carried in taxis in safety and in reasonable comfort;† and for disabled persons in wheelchairs; â€Å"to be conveyed in safety into and out of taxis while remaining in their wheelchairs,† and â€Å"to be carried in taxis in safety and in reasonable comfort while remaining in their wheelchairs.† It is proposed that regulations are introduced in respect of all new Taxis by 2010 and all Taxis by 2020.[20] One notable exception is that private hire vehicles are not provided for under the DDA 1995 however, this is not an exception that is likely to remain for long with both the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Group and the Disability Rights Commission looking into the matter.[21] 3.1.1.5  Rail Vehicles A â€Å"rail vehicle† as amended by the DDA 2005 is a vehicle, â€Å"constructed or adapted to carry passengers on any railway, tramway or prescribed system.†[22] The DDA 1995 provides the Secretary of State with the power to make â€Å"rail vehicle accessibility regulations.†[23] These regulations, made in 1998 and amended in 2000, cover several important areas. They allow the Secretary of State to require, by way of these regulations, transport operators to provide means for disabled persons to be able to get on and off regulated rail vehicles in safety and without difficulty and to be able to travel in those vehicles in safety and comfort. They also cover such matters as, â€Å"wheelchair accessibility, the design of on-board accessible toilets, the size and location of handrails, handholds and control devices as well as the provision of audible warnings and other equipment.†[24] The DDA 1995 also allows the Secretary of State to make an exception in relation to a case in which a rail vehicle operator is unable to meet the requirements and makes an application for exemption. An example of such an exemption relating to London is the one granted to Gatwick Express (The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 458) Exemption Order 2006). This Order exempts Gatwick Express from some of the requirements of the regulations until April 2011.[25] However, without doubt, the main hurdle that the government needs to overcome to ensure that the Olympic Games in 2012 are an inclusive event is the issue of accessibility to the London Underground. Transport for London currently lists as accessible by means other than stairs or escalators, only 40 of its 275 underground stations.[26] The pace of improvements taking place also fails to fill one with confidence. Over the next five years there will be an additional 27 step-free stations. The intention is then for 25% to be step-free by 2010 and 50% by 2015.[27] As the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DPTAC) correctly point out, if these figures are to be accepted, less than half of London’s Underground stations will be accessible by way of stair-free means by the time of the Olympics in 2012 and this is a situation that they find unacceptable.[28] While being the main means of transport for many spectators who will arrive in London at the time of the Olympic Games, the Tube is also perhaps the most culturally significant icon that London possesses and it will reflect poorly on the country as a whole if accessibility to London Underground stations has not been addressed in a productive manner before 2012. 3.1.1.6  Public Transport Vehicles The regulations applying to public transport vehicles are set out in the Public Service Vehicles Accessibility Regulations 2000. These regulations provide standards which are to be met and apply to â€Å"all new public service vehicles (buses or coaches) introduced since 31st December 2000 with a capacity exceeding 22 passengers used to provide a local of scheduled service.†[29] They also set out deadlines for the meeting of the standards. For instance, wheel chair users must be able to access all small buses by the 1st January 2015, large single deck buses by the 1st January 2016 and double deck buses by the 1st January 2017.[30] At present the accessibility by wheelchair users of buses nationwide stands at approximately 30%.[31] However, the DPTAC note that with respect to London’s buses, accessibility for wheelchair users is close to 100%.[32] The main concern with respect to buses in the capital is not in relation to compliance with the required modifications, but rather with the failure of some drivers to use the modifications available to assist their disabled passengers.[33] It should be noted that the Public Service Vehicles Accessibility Regulations 2000 do provide for a driver refusing to assist a disabled person in cases in which doing so would â€Å"adversely affect his health or safety, your safety or that of other passengers or the safety of the vehicle.† [34] However, it should be stressed to all drivers that this exemption should only be relied upon in specific circumstances with clear examples being provided. Finally, the DPTAC also suggest the greater availability of audible and visual information systems and this is an area that Transport for London is considering as an improvement for all their customers, not only those that are disabled.[35] 3.1.1.7  Aircraft and Ships One of the main criticisms of the DDA 1995 is that it fails to specifically address the duties of ship and airline operators. While ports and airports will still need to comply with the requirements of the legislation, the DDA 1995 fails to provide in respect of ships and aircraft the same regulatory making powers that it provides with respect to taxis, rail and public transport vehicles. Ships and aircraft come under European laws dealing with anti-discrimination legislation, however it is still argued that for disability discrimination legislation to be effective, it must apply to all public transport vehicles that operate within the UK. This gap in the legislation is seem as a major hurdle to ensuring that there is consistency across all types of public transport coming up to the Olympic Games and beyond. The DPTAC endorses this view and notes that â€Å"aircraft and ships will be the first and last Olympic travel experience that most overseas participants and audiences will experience, and we believe that the Government should do all it can to ensure that that experience is a positive one.†[36] They also emphasise that aviation and shipping are currently covered by voluntary codes but that the government has made it clear that should these codes fail, they would be prepared to remove the exemption from Part 3 of the DDA 1995 that currently applies to them.[37] As Karen Buck, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Transport sets out in her response to Tony Manwaring, CEO of Scope, the government is carrying out benchmarking tests in association with DPTAC the results of which were hoped to be available in early 2006. These exercises would then help determine whether or not it was necessary to lift the DDA 1995 Part 3 exemption currently granted to airline and shipping trans port providers.[38] 3.1.1.9  DDA 1995: Comparison to other Anti-Discrimination Legislation One of the most important differences between the DDA and other anti-discrimination legislation is that the DDA only applies to people who meet the criteria set out for being disabled. The Disability Rights Commission estimates that approximately ten million people have rights under the DDA 1995.[39] In contrast, other anti-discrimination legislation is much more pervasive in its application and applies to all members of society as long as they can show that the type of discrimination they are alleged to have suffered occurred. Another important difference is that the DDA takes into account the fact that the aim of assisting people with a disability is not to ensure that they receive equal treatment but rather, treatment which is appropriate to their circumstances. As such, the DDA does not aim to restrict the ability of those dealing with disabled people to positively discriminate in their favour, rather accepting that where appropriate, disabled people need to be treated differently.[40] Under other anti-discrimination legislation, discrimination can never be justified. 3.1.1.9  Criticisms Jan Nesbitt, chair of the Disability Law Service, notes that, â€Å"one of the weaknesses of the DDA has been that the service provision elements have been brought in over a lengthy period of time and some disabled people have had to wait for their needs to be met. There are some areas that are unsatisfactory, transport is still not covered, except for design features†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [41] The focus of the DDA 1995 is to put the duty to change on the public transport operators. This focus is sometimes referred to as being â€Å"solution-oriented†.[42] A solution-oriented approach to disability discrimination is a positive and extremely powerful tool in combating discrimination. However, this approach can only genuinely apply to those with physical disabilities and this has lead some commentators to suggest that the DDA 1995 is in fact discriminatory in itself as it places much more emphasis on those with physical disabilities as opposed to those suffering from mental disabilities. This however could be said to simply reflect the relative ease of making adjustments for those with physical disabilities, compared to making adjustments for those suffering from mental illnesses. People suffering from mental illnesses create a much more difficult problem for public transport providers to solve. There are no simple physical modifications that can be made to cater for people suffering from mental illnesses. This is further exacerbated by fact that it is often clear when someone is suffering from a physical impairment and staff can be trained to respond to their needs quickly and effectively. It is a lot more difficult to gauge whether or not someone is suffering from a mental illness, how best to assist them and whether or not they may pose a danger to staff and/or other members of the public. A frightening prospect is that the legislation as it currently stands could allow public transport companies to segregate those with disabilities from the rest of the travelling public. While this is already done to some extent, eg spaces for people needing wheelchair access; it is only a short distance from an ID card which lists a person’s disability, to a separate carriage for those with disabilities. The unfortunate aspect of this is that it would no doubt be argued that this solution provides the best means of catering for the individual needs of disabled people. 3.2  Case Law One of the leading cases decided under the DDA 1995 was Clark v TDG Ltd (t/a Novacold).[43] This was an appeal from the Employment Appeal Tribunal and was the first appeal decided by the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) under the DDA 1995. While that case dealt with employment law, Lord Justice Mummery’s comments about the DDA 1995 and its relationship to other anti-discrimination legislation is still of importance to the area of public transport. Lord Justice Mummery stated, â€Å"Contrary to what might be reasonably assumed, the exercise of interpretation is not facilitated by familiarity with the pre-existing legislation prohibiting discrimination in the field of employment (and elsewhere) on the grounds of sex (Sex Discrimination Act 1975) and race (Race Discrimination Act 1976). Indeed, it may be positively misleading to approach the 1995 Act with assumptions and concepts familiar from experience of the workings of the 1975 Act and the 1976 Act. Unlike the earlier discrimination Acts the 1995 Act does not draw the crucial distinction between direct and indirect discrimination on specified grounds; it provides a defence of justification to less favourable treatment which would constitute direct discrimination and be without such a defence under the earlier Acts; and it does not replicate the express requirement of the 1975 Act (section 5(3)) and the 1976 Act (section 3(4)) that, when a comparison of the cases of persons of different sex or persons of different racial groups falls to be made, the comparison must be such that the relevant circumstances in the one case are the same, or not materially different, in the other. One consequence of these differences is that the terms discriminate and discrimination are not used in Part II of the 1995 Act in the same sense as in the earlier Acts. Failure to discern and observe this difference in meaning in decision making (and in commentaries on both the 1995 Act and on decisions under it) can lead to serious conceptual confusion.† The key question that Lord Justice Mummery concluded as being fundamental to whether or not a disabled person had been discriminated against was, â€Å"is the treatment related to a complainant’s disability?†[44] Andy Rickell, director of the British Council of Disable People has stated, in respect of the case law arising from the DDA 1995, â€Å"Barristers are, and have been, running a coach and horses through disabled people’s rights.†[45] Jan Nesbitt, chair of the Disability Law Service, concurred with Rickell’s sentiments but added; â€Å"It’s like any new piece of legislation, barristers will find loopholes because there’s no case law so there’s nothing to test against. I think what happened in the beginning was that a lot of disabled people, in employment tribunals particularily, conducted their own case, and fell at the first hurdle which was proving that they were a disabled person. Any good barrister will make their case. The definition of â€Å"disability† is one of the things that’s currently being reviewed so that tribunals and courts have a better understanding of it. In any case, it is important for disabled people to get access to legal representation when taking a case.†[46] A case more relevant to transport was Roads v Central Trains.[47] This case involved a disabled resident of Norwich who relied on her electric wheelchair for mobility who brought a claim against Central Trains. The facts of the case revolved around the claimant not being able to access platform 1 at the station. The only means of accessing the platform from the side he was on was to either cross the footbridge or travel half a mile down the road where he could pass under the track and return on the other side. As both of these alternatives were not reasonable, the train company suggested the claimant, at no extra cost, take the train to a further station which was equipped with disabled access facilities, adding approximately one hour to the journey time. The claimant suggested that this was not reasonable and that the defendant company should have paid for a specially adapted taxi to drive him around to the other side. In the first instance, the Judge held that as the nearest specia lly adapted taxi was based in Norwich which was some way from Thetford where the station was located, it was unreas

The Federal Reserve System Essay -- Economics Economy

What the world needs now is Money Sweet Money"; that is not the way the song goes however that is surely the way our world and economy does. Money and its importance relative to the US Government have always been difficult to figure out especially when it comes to interest rates. Due to our Federal Reserve System, its chairman Alan Greenspan, and his Board of Governors dedicated to seeing that our economy blossoms, those doubts have become a thing of the past, for now. The Federal Reserve System is a central banking of the US Government, most commonly known as the Fed. A central bank serves as the banker to both the banking community and the government. It issues the national currency, conducts monetary policy, and plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of banks and bank holding companies. Congress created the Fed in 1913. It was designed to ensure political independence and sensitivity to the many different economic concerns. The chairman and the six other members of the Board of Governors who oversea the Fed are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. There are twelve District Reserve Banks, subsequently located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, in Richmond, VA. In Atlanta, GA., Cleveland, OH. St. Louis and Kansas City, MO., Chicago, Minneapolis MI., Dallas, TX. And San Francisco. Each bank is responsible to a 9 member Board of Directors, which is set in a three-class system. The three classes are defined as A, B, and member banks elect C. Class A and the Board of Governors appoints B Directors and Class C. The Board of Directors is responsible for the administration of its banks and the appointment of the banks president and vice-president. This process is set from the base... ...1987. In conclusion, the job of Mr. Greenspan and the Federal Reserve is not an easy one. Whenever money is involved there is always great potential for problems. With the monetary policy always an issue, Mr. Greenspan has to constantly come up with ways to keep our economy steady despite changes nationally and internationally. This recently became a relevant factor. At the very moment Mr. Greenspan was expected to accept his ultimate reappointment as Chair of the FED he was in the process of making it painfully clear that he was not going to allow the rapidly growing economy to foster inflationary imbalances that would undermine the economy's record economic expansion. This and other important factors caused several short-term interest rate increases. This saga continues but the FED with all they have to do has steadily maintained an economy to be proud of for now.

Dr. Meredith Belbin’s Team Roles Essay -- Business and Management Stud

Dr. Meredith Belbin’s Team Roles Biography of Dr. Meredith Belbin Dr. Meredith Belbin received his first degree in Classics and Psychology at Clare College in Cambridge. He obtained another degree for his doctoral dissertation on Old Workers in Industry. After completing his training at the Institute of Engineering Production at Birmingham and Research Fellowship at Cranfield, Dr. Belbin became a management consultant of many industries. When he came back to Cambridge, Dr. Belbin worked as a Chairman of the Industrial Training Research Unit and Director of the Employment Development Unit. Also, Dr. Belbin became the first lay member in Cambridgeshire of the Lord Chancellor’s Advisory Panel on the Appointment of Magistrates and Senior Associate of the Institute of Management Studies, in Cambridge. For three years he worked as a Visiting Professor in Leadership at Exeter. It was here, where Dr. Belbin produced a short program for entrepreneurs. Later on, he left his job to work at the University of Bristol. He was an External Examiner in Entrepreneurship and Engineering Management for MSc dissertations in that institution. Dr. Belbin wrote a lot of books on Management Teams. This is a list of books which he had written and when they were published:- 1. Why They Succeed Or Fall (1981) 2. The Job Promoters- A Journey To A New Profession (1990) 3. Team Roles At Work (1993) 4. The Coming Shape Of Organisation (1996) 5. Changing The Way We Work (1997) 6. Beyond The Team (2000) 7. Managing Without Power (2002) 8. The Origin and Future of Mind (2004) As a consultant, Dr. Belbin had provided number of advises to the OECD, the United States Department of Labour, the Commission of the EEC, many other manufacturing industries and public service businesses. When he was a lecturer and seminar leader, he had frequently visited various countries. Dr. Belbin became part of his family firm called, Belbin Associates. This is commonly known as producers of INTERPLACE. It is a computer-based Team-Role Advise System which offers advice on Human Resources management issues and it is used throughout the world. Team Roles Dr, Meredith Belbin was the founder of the Team Roles. His definition of a team role is, â€Å"a tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way.† In 1981, Dr. Be... ...gning successful teams * It facilitates internal placement * It is effectively used for job evaluation Each team needs a leader to reach team goals and achieve the organisation’s objectives. Dr. Belbin identified two types of leaders:- 1. Solo Leader 2. Team Leader Solo Leader 1. Solo leader plays an unlimited role 2. The leader strives for conformity 3. Collects admirers and sycophants 4. Tells subordinate what to do 5. Plays everything and expect everyone to follow the plan Team Leader 1. Team leader plays a limited role 2. Builds on diversity 3. Seeks talent in the team 4. Develops colleagues 5. Creates missions Dr. Belbin reckons that there are two reasons for, why team leadership is becoming very popular throughout the global:- 1. â€Å"We are living in a world of increasing uncertainty where things are changing quite dramatically and often very quickly. One person can no longer understand all of this and provide the direction needed to cover every situation.† 2. â€Å"Team leadership is the only form of leadership that is acceptable in a society where power is shared and so many people are nearly equal.†

The Native Son-Blacks And Whites :: essays research papers

In the Native Son Wright lets us see how blacks and whites have so many problems because of racial issues. We see how blacks and whites do not see eye to eye. We also see how being black in the 1930’s was something you couldn’t control but still was looked at as being something â€Å"bad†. Color was what it was all about. Being black was seen as being lower class and also less- human than other Caucasians. We also see the fear that black families and communities had. These facts separate in details how two types of race had such an effect on each other but still did not know how much damaged they caused to each other during many, many years.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   White people in this book felt blacks were bad people who just had bad ways of doing things. Stereo type was a big issue as we see when Bigger gets caught for the murder, newspapers stated that there was a â€Å"Mass Rapist on the loose†. Since he was black they thought right away he was raped her. White people also showed that they didn’t really care about what happened to black people. Since Mary Dalton was white, Caucasians were screaming at Bigger that he was a gorilla, that he should be killed, and many other bad racist comments. There were other white people who thought equality was for every one in the world. Jan is a prime example of how some white people felt blacks were treated wrong. Blacks feared whites. Many of them had so much fear that they accepted the way they were being treated. They took it as a problem where there was no answer. When Bigger was driving back to the Dalton’s house we see how many black people were just standing in the corner. Bigger was different though. He feared whites, but he sometimes tried to find the solution. Blacks also felt that the whites should be treated with more respect. The way Bigger answers his mother and the way he answers Mr. Dalton are two different tones of voices. One is respect out of fear and the other is disrespect out of revenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of Bigger’s actions suggest a huge response to fear, which comes from his exposure to a harsh social climate in which a clear line between acceptable behavior for whites and blacks exists. His anger and his destructive impulses come from that fear and is seen clear in the opening scene when he attacks a huge rat.

Adolescent Sexuality in Teens Essay

Adolescent sexuality and the resulting consequences have always been a concern to many societies across numerous generations. Teenage pregnancy, teenage parenthood and teenage infections with sexually transmitted diseases brings with it unique burdens not only to the adolescent affected, but also the society as a whole. In North America, every year more than 45000 teenagers aged 19 and below become pregnant (Martin, Park, & Sutton, 2002). These rates have dropped compared to their recent peak in 1990, with the decline said to be a result increased use of contraceptives amongst the youth. Nevertheless, these adolescent pregnancy rates range from about 50 percent to 550 percent more than the rates in other European societies (Darroch, Singh, & Frost, 2001). Every year 1 in every four sexually experienced teens (3 million teens) contract sexually transmitted disease and the teen pregnancy result in over two hundred thousand abortions each year. For those who carry their pregnancy to term, Eighty-three percent occur out of wedlock. Even in controlled studies adolescent mothers have been found to have lower education attainment levels. The most disturbing thing, however, is the evidence that the burden of adolescent parenthood accrues the greatest impact to members of the next generation. Problems normally start at birth: Documented evidence have shown that pregnant adolescents risk giving birth weight baby and these children of adolescent mothers are more likely to exhibit poor cognitive functioning and school adjustment than children born to older mothers. In adolescents, researchers have found massive delinquency, failure and risk for early parenthood amongst children of adolescent mothers. Teen Sexuality and Pregnancy Prevention amongst Adolescents                      If sexuality is a lightning rod in the community, then adolescent sexuality reflects that point where the charges are highest and most unstable. There is tension within societies around the meaning of adolescent sexuality either as a marker or moral decay or as a normal, healthy and natural growth process. The culture revolving around adolescent sexuality has relied heavily on sex education as a preventive measure. There are two opposing line of theory that had been developed earlier. One perspective stated that on a simple empirical basis, a sizeable percentage of adolescents become sexually active before reaching 18 years. It further states that educating them about the nature of sexual and its consequences would be one of the most effective means of curbing teenage pregnancies. In this perspective, teenage pregnancy is best prevented by accepting a role for teenage sexual activity as healthy, but certainly requiring direct and open discussions, a ccompanied by moral prescriptions. The other view posits that any educative activity that was based on the assumption that adolescents may become sexually active as teens cannot help but implicitly support such behavior. Thus, â€Å" explicit† sex education that includes teaching in topics such as birth control would lead to an increase in the view of adolescents on sexual activity as a viable option. Even though, explicit sex education programs might not necessarily encourage such behaviors, they were perceived as at least providing a â€Å"nod† suggesting that it is expected. Explicit sex education was see at worst as suggesting that sexual activity is a normative behavior to naà ¯ve teenagers who would have otherwise not considered it. At a minimum, educational programs have been seen as reducing the teenager’s sense that sexual activity is universally seen by adults as inappropriate before marriage or adulthood. In either case, programs like these were seen as likely to increase the levels of teenage sexual activity, with a very likely chance that these increases would lead to higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and pregnancies as well. Prevention Programs that work- Common elements                      There has been one approach to sexual education programs that have been effective. It combines educational material with a notable amount of skills that revolve around assertive and sexual behaviors. For example, skill based prevention measures against HIV have been implemented in Colorado schools and has been shown to lead to contribute to increasing the use of condoms reduce number of multiple sexual partners. Similarly, a successful HIV prevention study in which the education program used included training in social skills was compared to education only approach, and found the latter clearly superior. Research has also shown that combining of information-based programs with other development oriented programs did much better than interventions that focused on information alone in reducing irresponsible sexual behavior and teenage pregnancy rates. Interventions that seek to develop skills in self-efficacy together with the provision of information did much better than programs that provide information alone. Programs that teach about safe sex, while placing a lot of emphasis on responsibility and pride in decision making also seem to do better than programs that only teach safer sex behaviors (Jemmott & Fong, 1998). Finally, programs that narrowly focus on abstinence only are yet to yield any findings. The interpretation of these findings is that emotional and social development components of these prevention programs function as catalysts that help leverage the impact of abstinence or education-based approaches. The idea of preventing adolescent pregnancies, repeat pregnancies, or failures in parenting, by focusing on something else other than sexual behavior may at first seem to be avoidant, foolish or hopelessly indirect. However, on a closer look of research done on adolescent sexual behavior show that this approach may yield much better results than programs that focus solely on sexual behaviors. It has long been recognized that irresponsible sexual activity tends not to happen in isolation, to occur together with higher levels of substance abuse. This approach states that it makes less sense to view a single behavioral problem in isolation; rather, the problem should be seen as part of a unified syndrome that has an underlying risk manifesting itself in many different forms (Bell, 1986). This approach is thought to apply to patterns of delinquent behavior even in adulthood and starts to shed some light into the research findings discussed above. The impact of programmatic interventions on behaviors such as adolescent sexuality, start to be more plausible if we understand teenage sexual behavior as reflecting underlying problems that might lead to the emergence of a host of other problematic behaviors. In short, seeing an adolescent as a â€Å"whole person† may be fundamental in solving the problem. A lot can be learned from this programs and research that address teenage sexual behavior. The first is that adolescent pregnancy prevention is possible byways that may seem to be very indirect routes. A lot of evidence has emerged showing that by assisting teenagers to achieve educational success and be in control of their fertility, we are preventing teenage pregnancy in the coming generation. The most important implication is that currently there are several tools that can be used to prevent negative consequence of teenager’s sexual behavior. It may make little sense to think that giving extensive sex education will lower teenage pregnancy rates; it seems equally not viable that focusing on abstinence without looking at the broader aspects of social development will have an effect. Long-term interventions can help by helping the youth to have a higher sense of connection to the larger community, for example, by increasing their sense of self-efficacy, assertiveness, their impulse control and their hope about the future. Teens who are craving for a sense of connection and intimacy are more likely to engage in sexual behavior for which they are not ready for (Allen, 2002). The use of the nutritional model may be particularly appropriate here as these teenagers may be starving for a place within the social world and a sense of connection to the broader society. In short, when we focus on the development of a teenager as a whole person may precisely target those behaviors and developmental factors that are directly connected to preventing risky sexual behavior and its consequences. These programs are likely to build the capacity of youth and can greatly increase their motivation and skill at avoiding risky sexual behavior (Kirby & Coyle, 1997) even if they may not be addressing sexual behavior directly. By giving the youth opportunity to talk about their feelings, interests and concerns about sexuality, as well as practice negotiation and decision making skills, we will be enabling them to develop their moral framework about sexuality. References Allen, J. P. (2002). Observed Autonomy And Connection With Parents And Peers As Predictors Of Early Adolescent Sexual Adaptation. Paper presented at the Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Adolescence, New Orleans, LA. Bell, R. Q. (1986). Age Specific Manifestations in Changing Psychosocial Risk. In D. C. Farran & J. D. McKinney (Eds.), The concept of risk in intellectual and psychosocial development. New York: Academic Press. Darroch, J. E., Singh, S., & Frost, J. J. (2001). Differences in teenage pregnancy rates among five developed countries: the roles of sexual activity and contraceptive use. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(6), 244-250. Jemmott, J. B., III, Jemmott, L. S., & Fong, G. T. (1998). Abstinence and safer sex HIV risk-reduction interventions for African American adolescents. Jama: Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(19), 1529-1536. Kirby, D., & Coyle, K. (1997). School-based programs to reduce sexual risk-taking behavior. Children & Youth Services Review, 19(5-6), 415-436. Martin, J. A., Park, M. M., & Sutton, P. D. (2002). Births: Preliminary Data for 2001. National Vital Statistics Reports, 50, Number 10. Source document

Shoulder Muscle Acromioclavicular Joint Injury Health And Social Care Essay

Acromioclavicular joint hurt are common among immature active persons. Stability of this shoulder complex compose of musculus ( deltoid and cowl muscle ) , ligament ( acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ) and acromioclavicular articulation capsule. Clinical and radiographic scrutinies are important to name this hurt. Non operative intervention is indicated for type I and II hurt. Surgical intervention is indicated for type IV, V and VI hurt. Treatment for type III hurt are still controversy. Method of intervention autumn into 3 classs: arrested development of acromioclavicular articulation, arrested development of coracoclavicular articulation and ligament Reconstruction. Tendencies of intervention goes to minimal invasive anatomic acromioclavicular articulation Reconstruction. Cardinal words: acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular Acromioclavicular ( AC ) joint hurt represents 40-50 % of shoulder injury.1 Some facets of intervention options between conservative and surgery are still controversy2. Categorization by Tossy3 and Allman4 in 1960 was modify by Rockwood5 in 1989. Recently, minimum invasive surgical intervention tends to acquire more popularity.Anatomy and biomechanicsThe AC articulation is a diathrodial articulation located between distal terminal of collarbone and median boundary line of acromial process procedure of the scapular. Inclination of joint possibly about perpendicular or may be inclined from downward medially with collarbone overruling acromial process by the angle of 50 grades. Articular surface of collarbone overrides the articular surface of acromial process about 50 % of the clip. Fibrocartilagenous intra-articular disc are divide in 2 types: complete and partial ( meniscoid ) . Meniscus become degenerated and reached non-functional province at 4th decennary. Nerve supply to the AC a rticulation is from alar, suprascapular and sidelong thoracic nervousnesss. The dynamic stabilizers to the AC joint compose of anterior part of deltoid musculus which provide suspensory support and the upper part of trapezius musculus. In the presence of break of the AC and CC ligament, the importance of these musculus increased. AC articulation is surrounded by a thin capsule and reinforced by superior, inferior, anterior and posterior AC ligaments. These construction preponderantly control horizontal gesture of the collarbone. Posterosuperior capsule is the construction to forestall posterior interlingual rendition of the clavicle6. Distal collarbone resection up to 1 centimeter may rendered the stableness of the AC articulation by addition buttocks interlingual rendition up to 32 % . The coracoclavicular ( CC ) ligament is a really strong heavy ligament which run from the outer inferior surface of the collarbone to the base of the coracoid procedure. The CC ligament has two constituents: cone and trapezoid ligaments. Average distance between the collarbone and the coracoid procedure is 1.3 centimeter ( CC interspace ) and the mean distance from the sidelong terminal of the collarbone to the most sidelong extent to trapezoid ligament was 1.53 centimeter. Clavicle rotate about 40-50 grade through longitudinal axis during full abduction but existent gesture of the collarbone is 5-8 degree relation to the acromial process because of the downward rotary motion of the shoulder blade ( synchronal scapuloclavicular rotary motion ) . The CC ligament is responsible in ordering scapulothoracic gesture. The primary map of the CC ligament is the premier suspensory ligament of the upper appendage.Mechanism of hurtAn acute hurt to the AC articulation can be devided in two class: direct and indirect mechanism. Direct hurt is produced by patient falling onto the point of the shoulder with the arm at the side in adducted place. This mechanism is likely the most common cause of AC joint hurt. The force thrust the acromial process downward and medially. If no break occurs, the force foremost sprained the AC ligament, so AC tear, CC tear and eventually rupture the deltoid and trapezius musculus. Indirect force, which are far less common, generated by a autumn on outstretch arm with superior directed force. The force are transmitted to the AC articulation instead than CC ligament.CategorizationAC articulation are classified harmonizing to the extent of harm by the grade of force. Injury to the AC articulation are graded harmonizing to the sum of hurt to the AC and CC ligament. Allman4 and Tossy and colleague3 differentiate AC disruption into 3 types depending on the intregity of the AC and CC ligaments. Rockwood5 added type IV, V and VI AC disruption to the original categorization strategy. Type I injury: Sprain of the acromioclavicular ligament Integral acromioclavicular articulation, coracoclavicular ligament, deltoid and cowl muscle No seeable malformation, no stamp over CC interspace Minimal puffiness and stamp over AC articulation Type II hurt: Disrupt acromioclavicular ligament ( widening both AC and CC interspace ) Sprain of the coracoclavicular ligament Integral deltoid and cowl muscle Type III hurt: Disrupt both acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular ligament Deltoid and trapezius musculus normally detached Dislocate AC articulation and increase CC distance ( 25-100 % of normal shoulder ) Type III discrepancies: Fracture coracoids procedure Physeal hurt Pseudodislocation ( integral periosteal arm ) Type Four: Disrupt both acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular ligament Deltoid and trapezius musculus normally detached Clavicle is displaced posteiorly into or through trapezius musculus CC interspace may look integral Type Volt: Disrupt both acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular ligament Deltoid and trapezius musculus normally detached AC joint grossly dislocated superiorly Markly addition CC distance ( 100-300 % of normal shoulder ) Type Six: Disrupt both acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular ligament Deltoid and trapezius musculus normally detached Acromion is displaced inferior to acromial process or coracoid procedure As a consequence of hyperabduction and external rotary motionDiagnosisDuring physical scrutiny, patient should be in a standing or sitting place without limb support to the injured arm. The weight of the arm will do the malformation more evident. Findingss on physical scrutiny are related to the badness of the hurt. Local puffiness, malformation, bruise, ecchymosis possibly seen. Trouble with arm gesture every bit good as localized tenderness over the AC articulation and CC interspace can be noted. Pain is frequently accentuated by abduction and cross organic structure adduction. Oaa‚Â ¬a„?Brien active compaction trial may be positive. In the subacute stage, perpendicular and horizontal stableness of the AC articulation should be tested. By stabilising the collarbone and placing and upward force under the ipsilateral cubitus. Once the AC articulation is reduced, hold on the collarbone with index and pollex and effort to interpret the collarbone anteriorly and posteriorly to entree horizontal stableness. Sternoclavicular articulation should ever exam for associated anterior disruption. Besides the neurological position of the affected appendage should be evaluated to govern out a brachial rete hurt.Radiographic ratingStandard radiogram are indispensable to name and sort AC joint hurt. Routine radiogram for AC joint requires one tierce to one half the x-ray incursion needed for everyday glenohumeral radiogram. Everyday radiogram include true anterioroposterior and alar sidelong position. Additionally Zanca positions ( 10o-15o cephalic joust ) is utile when little break or loose organic structure is suspected on the everyday position. Comparative radiogram of the uninjured might be needed to the normal CC distance and the comparative normal place of the normal collarbone. Stress position is utile to prove the unity of the CC ligament and should be performed when AC disruption is suspected ( differentiate between type II and type III hurts ) . Coracoid break should ever be suspected when face with AC disruption with the presence of normal CC distance. Axillary position can show break coracoid. If fracture coracoid is suspected on the alar position, Stryker notch position will about ever show this pathology.TreatmentNonsurgicalMost writers suggested that nonsurgical intervention are indicated in type I and type II hurts. Many methods of decrease and immobilisation such as sling, plaster dramatis personae, adhesive tape strapping, brace, harnesses and grip techniques are proposed. Urist 7 reviewd the literature and summarized more than 35 signifiers of non-operative direction. A period of immobilisation is needed to relieve the emphasis to both AC and CC ligament. Type I injury can be treated utilizing simple catapulting 7-10 yearss or until hurting subsided. Type II require longer clip for immobilisation ( normally 10-14 yearss ) . Once hurting has subsided, gradual rehabilitation plan is started get downing with inactive o r active aided scope of gesture exercising. After full painless ROM is achieved, isometric beef uping plan is begun. Contact athletics should be avoid for 2-3 months to avoid farther hurt to the shoulder. The most controversial issue is the intervention of type III hurt. Several surveies have demonstrated long term disablement and hurting with non-operative intervention. Bannister et al2 conducted a randomized, prospective, controlled test comparing surgical intervention of AC joint hurt type III and V utilizing CC prison guards versus catapulting immobilisation ( 2 hebdomads ) . Following with the same rehabilitation plan. Patient with AC supplanting less than 2 centimeter had better consequence with nonsurgical intervention. In terrible AC joint hurt ( AC displacement more than 2 centimeter ) , 20 % had good consequence with non-operative intervention while 70 % in the surgical group had good to first-class consequence. In contrast, meta-analysis by Phillips8 demonstrated that consequence of operative and non-operative groups of type III hurt are similar in the facet of patient return to work, strength and scope of gesture but found higher complication rate in the operative group. The cardinal success of non-operative intervention is appropriate rehabilitation plan. The active rehabilitation plan focal point on deriving strength of shoulder girdle musculus including deltoid, cowl muscle, sternocleido mastoideus, periscapular stabilizer and rotator turnup musculus. After hurt, the shoulder is immobilized with arm sling for 2 hebdomads. Cold compaction can be apply to cut down hurting and puffiness. Active and inactive scope of gesture exercising is initiate after hurting resolved. In this stage frontward flexure should non transcend 90 degree and raising weight more than 5 pounds. should be prohibited. At 8 hebdomads, full active gesture and initial resistive exercising should be started. Patient can return to work and full athletics activity at 12 hebdomads.Surgical interventionRelative indicant for surgery in acute AC joint hurt is immature grownup with high demand athletics or labour worker. In chronic type III AC joint hurt, hurting and instability may bespeak surgical intercession. Acute type IV, V and VI disruption wholly required surgical intercession. Still there is no consensus which technique is the best. Surgical intercession are categorized into 3 groups: arrested development of the AC articulation, arrested development between coracoids procedure and the collarbone and ligament Reconstruction and dynamic musculus transportation. Today most surgeon usage combinations of processs to accomplish maximum stableness of the shoulder articulation in order to cut down hurting and addition maximal strength Arrested development of the AC articulation Historically, the first instrument used to stabilise the AC articulation is smooth or threaded pin. Lizaur11 advocated the usage of 1.8 mm k-wire to stabilise the joint and emphasized on the fix of deltoid and trapezius musculus. Several surveies reported good long term consequence utilizing non-threaded K-wire across the AC joint.12 Sage and Salvatore13 recommended fix of the AC ligament to heighten the stableness of the AC articulation. This technique are fring popularity because of its major ruinous complications of pin migration which is reported to migrate to the great vas, spinal canal, lung and bosom. Hook home base is an alternate technique of arrested development of the AC articulation. After decrease the sidelong terminal of the home base is inserted deep to the acromial process and pry down the collarbone its anatomic place. Bicortical prison guard is used to procure the home base to the collarbone. Plate remotion is recommended at 8 hebdomads. Recent work from Salem and Schmelz study good clinical result with this technique.16 Ladermann et. Al. reported good intermediate consequence of AC and CC cerclage Reconstruction with nonabsrobable sutures.17 Arrested development between coracoid and collarbone Assorted methods of CC stabilisation have been reported including prison guards, sutura, man-made or metallic loop.17 Bosworth in 1941 advocated slowdown screw arrested development between coracoid and collarbone without fix AC and CC ligament. Esenyel et.al.18 modified original Bosworth technique by combine prison guard arrested development with fix the CC ligament. In chronic hurt, several sawboness combine screw arrested development with ligament Reconstruction and study satisfactory consequences. Recent technique utilizing metallic button with heavy non-absorbable sutura ( Tightrope and Graftrope: Arthrex, Endobutton: Simth & A ; Nephew ) go throughing through the coracoids and secure to the superior boundary line of the collarbone with another button.21-28 Biomechanical survey comparing Tightrope versus Mesh tape demonstrated that Tightrope have superior mechanical belongings in commanding horizontal and perpendicular stability.25 Walz et.al.26 demonstrated that Tightrope is a stable and functional Reconstruction with equal and even higher force than native ligament. This technique can be used in concurrence with ligament Reconstruction. Man-made cringle placed between coracoid and the collarbone addition more popularity today. This technique may be usage in combination with CC ligament Reconstruction. Main advantage of this technique is it does non necessitate remotion of the implant such as home base or prison guard. However, instances of sterile reaction and collarbone osteolysis have been reported. Ligament Reconstruction This technique of utilizing CA ligament to restore AC joint stableness origionally was described by Weaver and Dunn.32 The CA ligament is detached from deep surface of acromial process with or without bone and transferred to the distal collarbone. This concept may be augmented with cringle of sutura, man-made stuff allow protection of the healing ligament besides combine with other ligament reconstruction.33-36 Major alteration of this technique is to eviscerate distal collarbone to avoid late devolution of the AC articulation which might caused hurting. Recently, all-arthroscopic technique was proposed for CA ligament transportation. Semitendinosus transplant is now normally used to retrace the CC ligament by doing a cringle under the coracoid or through the coracoids tunnel and hole with intervention screw.38-40 Modifications of this technique varied from choice of transplant, method of arrested development, transplant route..Anatomical biomechanic survey by Kristen43 demonstrated that anatomic semitendinosus homograft Reconstruction give superior biomechanical belongings than other Reconstruction mode ( Graftrope, nonanatomic homograft, modify Weaver- Dunn technique, anatomic sutura ) . Several biomechanical surveies demonstrated important superior result of semitendinosus sinew transplant comparing to the modify Weaver-Dunn process. Cleverger et.al. demonstrated no important difference in biomechanical strength of adjuncted CA ligament transportation in patient undergo AC joint Reconstruction with hamstring graft.36 Distal collarbone resection Deletion of the distal terminal of the collarbone is referred to as the Mumford or Gurd.10 This operation is suited for chronic diagnostic AC joint hurt. Amount of resection are vary from 1-2.5 centimeter. This process must be performed in patient which have integral CC ligament or execute combine with CC ligament Reconstruction. When this process are performed in patient with horizontal and perpendicular instability the consequence are compromised.ComplicationsComplications can happen both surgical and nonsurgical intervention of AC joint hurt. The most common complications associated with nonsurgical intervention are relentless instability and development of late arthrosis of the AC articulation. Complications following surgical intervention are relate to which technique chosen. Hardware failure and migration to major vas and lung have been described. Foreign organic structure reaction and infection occurred after usage of man-made stuff. Fracture of the coracoid procedure and collarbone are related to the process which have been choosen. Brachial rete and alar arteria can be endangered if go throughing the transplant or man-made stuff medial to the coracoids. Recurrent instability have been report in every techniques.RehabilitationAfter CC arrested development with prison guard or sutura, the shoulder should be immobilized in an arm sling for 2 hebdomads. After 2 hebdomads, active and inactive scope of gesture exercising is initiated. Forward flexure more than 90 grades should be avoided. After taking prison guard ( 2-3months ) full active and inactive gesture is started and limited light opposition exercising for 8 hebdomads. After achieved full gesture and strength, patien t can return to usual activities before hurt. After AC joint Reconstruction with sinew transplant ( autoplasty or homograft ) , place the patient in an arm sling for 2 hebdomads. Pendulum exercising at 2 hebdomads and light activity of day-to-day life at 4 hebdomads. Active and inactive scope of gesture exercising is started at 8 hebdomads. Light opposition can be initiated at 3 months. Once full gesture and strength achieved, normal labour work is permitted.